This brief presents the state of the art on enzymatic synthesis of structured triglycerides and diglycerides, focusing on glycerol as the substrate and covering interesterification of vegetable oils in one and two steps. It critically reviews the available literature on enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of di- and triglycerides in one or more steps. The effects of the structure, length and unsaturation of the fatty acids are carefully considered, as well as the inhibitory potential of highly unsaturated complex fatty acid structures.The brief also addresses acyl migration and the use of adsorbents, taking into account the most recent literature and presenting the problem in an industrial context. It discusses experimental and analytical problems concerning, e.g. the lab scale and the scaling up to bench and pilot plants. Several examples are presented, and their successes and failures are assessed. Biocatalysts based on lipases are analyzed with regard to problems of immobilization, stability on storage time and activity after multiple uses. The need for specific Sn-2 lipases is presented and strategies for optimizing Sn-2 esterification are discussed. Lastly, practical aspects are examined, e.g. lipase "leaching" with loss of activity, taking into account the latest findings on continuous and batch reactor configurations and presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each.


Prof. Dr. María Luján Ferreira is a researcher in CONICET (Argentina) since 1997 and a Professor in the Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina, since 1999. She has near 130 publications in peer reviewed journals, 3 National Prizes in Science (Bernardo Houssay 2004, Ranweel Caputto 2003 and First Mention in Lóreal -UNESCO in collaboration with CONICET Prize for Women in Science 2014). She works in nano and biotechnology, focused on lipases and oxidoreductases. Her research interests are focused in the search for new products (including structured triglycerides) and environmental remediation of dyes using advanced oxidation systems based on magnetic oxides as mimetics of oxidoreductases.Prof. Dr. Gabriela Tonetto is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina, and Researcher in CONICET (Argentina) since 2005. She has near 50 publications in peer reviewed journals. Her research interests include heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis applied to oleochemistry.