Mcr gene延伸文章資訊，搜尋引擎最佳文章推薦
1. Identification of novel mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-10
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes represent an emerging challenge. Here we describe a novel mcr gene, mcr-10, on an IncFIA plasmid of ...
2. (mcr) Gene-Containing Isolates from the Environment: A Review
Mcr-gene-containing bacteria (MGCB) have disseminated by horizontal/lateral transfer into diverse ecosystems, including aquatic, soil, botanical ...NCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutTryoutPMCLabsandtelluswhatyouthink.LearnMore.JournalListIntJEnvironResPublicHealthv.17(3);2020FebPMC7036836IntJEnvironResPublicHealth.2020Feb;17(3):1028.Publishedonline2020Feb6.doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031028PMCID:PMC7036836PMID:32041167OccurrenceandCharacteristicsofMobileColistinResistance(mcr)Gene-ContainingIsolatesfromtheEnvironment:AReviewMadubuikeUmunnaAnyanwu,1IshmaelFestusJaja,2,*andObichukwuChisomNwobi3MadubuikeUmunnaAnyanwu1MicrobiologyUnit,DepartmentofVeterinaryPathologyandMicrobiology,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka400001,Nigeria;gn.ude.nnu@uwnayna.ekiubudamFindarticlesbyMadubuikeUmunnaAnyanwuIshmaelFestusJaja2DepartmentofLivestockandPastureScience,UniversityofFortHare,Alice5700,SouthAfricaFindarticlesbyIshmaelFestusJajaObichukwuChisomNwobi3DepartmentofVeterinaryPublicHealthandPreventiveMedicine,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka400001,Nigeria;gn.ude.nnu@ibown.uwkuhciboFindarticlesbyObichukwuChisomNwobiAuthorinformationArticlenotesCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimer1MicrobiologyUnit,DepartmentofVeterinaryPathologyandMicrobiology,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka400001,Nigeria;gn.ude.nnu@uwnayna.ekiubudam2DepartmentofLivestockandPastureScience,UniversityofFortHare,Alice5700,SouthAfrica3DepartmentofVeterinaryPublicHealthandPreventiveMedicine,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka400001,Nigeria;[email protected]*Correspondence:az.ca.hfu@ajaji;Tel.:+27-78-549-2098;Fax:+27-86-770-6869Received2019Aug24;Accepted2020Jan20.Copyright©2020bytheauthors.LicenseeMDPI,Basel,Switzerland.ThisarticleisanopenaccessarticledistributedunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution(CCBY)license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).ThisarticlehasbeencitedbyotherarticlesinPMC.Theemergenceandspreadofmobilecolistin(COL)resistance(mcr)genesjeopard
3. High abundance of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in ...
The mobile colistin resistance genes circulate in bacteria isolated from both poultry chicken- and native chicken-droppings. mcr-1 variant ...SkiptomaincontentThankyouforvisitingnature.com.YouareusingabrowserversionwithlimitedsupportforCSS.Toobtainthebestexperience,werecommendyouuseamoreuptodatebrowser(orturnoffcompatibilitymodeinInternetExplorer).Inthemeantime,toensurecontinuedsupport,wearedisplayingthesitewithoutstylesandJavaScript.AdvertisementnaturescientificreportsarticlesarticleHighabundanceofthecolistinresistancegenemcr-1inchickengut-bacteriainBangladeshDownloadPDFSubjectsAntimicrobialresistanceEpidemiologyAbstractColistinisconsideredalast-resortreserveddrugforthetreatmentofcriticalhumaninfectionsbyGram-negativebacteria.Phenotypiccolistin-resistanceisstronglyassociatedwithplasmid-mediatedmobilecolistinresistance(mcr)genes.Themcr-bearingEnterobacteriaceaehavebeendetectedinmanycountriesfromenvironments,animals,andhumans.Thisstudyinvestigatedphenotypiccolistin-resistanceandthedistributionofmcr-1,mcr-2,mcr-3,mcr-4,andmcr-5genesinchicken-gutbacteriainBangladesh.Bacteriawereisolatedfrompoultry-andnative-chickendroppings,andtheirsusceptibilitiestocolistinweredeterminedbyagardilutionandE-testminimalinhibitoryconcentration(MIC)measurements.Multiplexpolymerasechainreactionsdetectedmcr-1tomcr-5genes.Overall,61.7%(92/149)oftheisolatesshowedcolistinresistancebyagardilutionassessment(MIC > 2.0 μg/mL).Thephenotypicresistancewasobservedconsiderablyhigherinpoultry-chickenisolates(64.6%,64/99)thaninnative-chickenisolates(56%,28/50;p = 0.373).AlltheresistantisolatesshowedMIClevelsbetween> 2and> 128 μg/mL.Themcr-genes(mcr-1andmcr-2combined)weredetectedmoreinpoultrygutbacteria(36.4%)thannative-chickenisolates(20%,p = 0.06).Despitebacteriasources,mcr-genesappearedtobesignificantlyassociatedwithphenotypiccolistin-resistancephenomena(p < 0.001).Priorcolistinusageledtoasubstantialincreaseintheproportionofbacteriawithmcr-genesandphenotypicresistance(p < 0.001).DownloadPDFIntroductionE
4. mcr1
Probable phosphatidylethanolamine transferase Mcr-1. Gene ... Confers resistance to polymyxin-type antibiotics; expression of the Mcr-1 protein in E.coli ...
Anevidencedescribesthesourceofanannotation,e.g.anexperimentthathasbeenpublishedinthescientificliterature,anorthologousprotein,arecordfromanotherdatabase,etc.
WhenbrowsingthroughdifferentUniProtproteins,youcanusethe'basket'tosavethem,sothatyoucanbacktofindoranalysethemlater.
5. Emergence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes from Gram ...
The mcr gene is more frequently isolated from animal strains than from human bacterial strains [5]. We found that 98.2% of our bacterial strains ...SkiptomaincontentAdvertisementSearchallBMCarticlesSearchDownloadPDFResearchOpenAccessPublished:20November2020Emergenceofplasmid-mediatedmcrgenesfromGram-negativebacteriaatthehuman-animalinterfaceHumeraJaved ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-3564-34661,2,SidrahSaleem1,AizzaZafar2,AamirGhafoor3,AhmadBinShahzad3,HasanEjaz ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-6185-20424,KashafJunaid ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0001-5328-41054&ShahJahan ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-50255 GutPathogensvolume 12,Article number: 54(2020)Citethisarticle1164Accesses2Citations1AltmetricMetricsdetailsAbstractBackgroundTheglobalemergenceofplasmid-mediatedcolistinresistance(Col-R)conferredbymcrgenesingram-negativerods(GNRs)hasjeopardizedthelasttreatmentoptionformultidrug-resistantbacterialinfectionsinhumans.Thisstudyaimedtoassesstheemergenceofmcrgene-mediatedCol-RinGNRsisolatedfromhumansandanimalsinPakistan.MethodsAnimalandclinicalspecimenscollectedfromvarioussourceswereprospectivelyanalysedusingstandardmicrobiologicalprocedures.PathogenswereidentifiedusingtheAPI20EandAPI20NEsystems(bioMerieux).Minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)againstcolistinwasdeterminedusingtheMICdetectionmethods,andmultiplexpolymerasechainreaction(PCR)wasusedtoamplifythemcr-1tomcr-5genes.ResultsWeisolated126(88.1%)animaland17(11.9%)humanCol-Rphenotypes,amongwhichtherewasasignificantassociation(P < 0.01)ofEscherichiacoliandProteusmirabiliswithanimalsandofAcinetobacterbaumanniiwithhumans.Animalstrainsexhibitedstatisticallysignificant(P < 0.05)resistancetoco-trimoxazole,chloramphenicol,andmoxifloxacin,andthehumanpathogensexhibitedstatisticallysignificant(P < 0.05)antibioticresistancetocephalosporins,carbapenems,andpiperacillin-tazobactam.ForCol-Rstrains,MIC50valueswere> 6 µg/mLand> 12 µg/mLforhumanandanimalisolates,respectively.mcrgenesweredetectedin110(76.9%)bacterialstrains,ofwhich108(98.2%)weremcr-1and2(
6. Mobilized Colistin Resistance (MCR-1) – National Collaborating ...
SkiptocontentHome / DiseaseDebriefs / MobilizedColistinResistance(MCR-1)NCCIDDiseaseDebriefsprovideCanadianpublichealthpractitionersandclinicianswithup-to-datereviewsofessentialinformationonprominentinfectiousdiseasesforCanadianpublichealthpractice.Whilenotaformalliteraturereview,informationisgatheredfromkeysourcesincludingthePublicHealthAgencyofCanada(PHAC),theUSACentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention (CDC),theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andpeerreviewedliterature.ThisNCCIDdebriefisdifferentthanotherNCCIDdebriefsasitprovidespublichealthpractitionersandclinicianswithup-todatereviewofessentialinformationonanewlyrecognizedthreattotreatmentofinfectiousdiseaseandnotonaninfectiousdiseaseoranoutbreakitself.Therecentlyrecognizedglobaldistributionofplasmid-mediatedresistancetothelastresortdrugcolistin,alongwithitswidespreaddisseminationwithinthehumanmicrobiome,posesasubstantialpublichealthriskasitlimitsthetreatmentoptionsforpatientswithinfectionscausedbymultidrug-resistant(MDR)gram-negativebacteriaandpromoteseasierspreadofcolistinresistanceamongbacteriaandhumans;thiscouldleadtooutbreaksofuntreatableinfections.Thegoalofthisdebriefistoprovideareviewofessentialinformationabouttheriskforthepatientsandhealthcaresystemsandaboutoptionsforactionstoreducetherisksandmitigatingepidemicdisseminationofmcr-1MDRbacteria.ThisdebriefwaspreparedbyAleksandraK.Wierzbowski. Questions,commentsandsuggestionsregardingthisdebriefaremostwelcomeandcanbesenttonccid@umanitoba.caWhatareDiseaseDebriefs?Tofindoutmoreabouthowinformationiscollected,seeourpagededicatedtotheDiseaseDebriefs.WhatareimportantcharacteristicsofMCR-1?WHATISMCR-1?MCR-1isanacronymforMobilizedColistinResistance. Itprotectsbacteriafromapolypeptideantimicrobialcalledcolistin(polymyxinE).WHATISTHEMODEOFACTIONOFMCR-1?MCR-1usesatargetsitemodificationmechanismtoprotectbacteriafromtheactionofcolistin(polymyxinE). ItisagenewhichencodesanenzymecalledphosphatidylethanolaminetransferasewhichtransfersthephosphatidylethanolamineresiduetothelipidAoft
7. Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Mediates Cell ...
Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Mediates Cell Permeability and Resistance to Hydrophobic Antibiotics ... Colistin is considered the last-resort ...ThisarticleispartoftheResearchTopicAntimicrobialResistanceAsaGlobalPublicHealthProblem:HowCanWeAddressIt?Viewall50ArticlesArticlesRaffaeleZarrilliDepartmentofPublicHealth,UniversityofNaplesFedericoII,ItalyJian-HuaLiuSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,ChinaXiminZengTheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,UnitedStatesTheeditorandreviewers'affiliationsarethelatestprovidedontheirLoopresearchprofilesandmaynotreflecttheirsituationatthetimeofreview.AbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsandDiscussionConclusionDataAvailabilityStatementAuthorContributionsFundingConflictofInterestSupplementaryMaterialReferencesSuggestaResearchTopic>DownloadArticleDownloadPDFReadCubeEPUBXML(NLM)SupplementaryMaterialExportcitationEndNoteReferenceManagerSimpleTEXTfileBibTextotalviewsViewArticleImpactSuggestaResearchTopic>SHAREONOpenSupplementalDataORIGINALRESEARCHarticleFront.Microbiol.,10January2020|https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03015ColistinResistanceGenemcr-1MediatesCellPermeabilityandResistancetoHydrophobicAntibioticsBaiyuanLi1,FangYin2,XuanyuZhao3,4,YunxueGuo3,WeiquanWang3,4,PengxiaWang3,HonghuiZhu5,YeshiYin1andXiaoxueWang3,4*1KeyLaboratoryofComprehensiveUtilizationofAdvantagePlantsResourcesinHunanSouth,CollegeofChemistryandBioengineering,HunanUniversityofScienceandEngineering,Yongzhou,China2DepartmentofBreastandThyroidSurgery,TheFifthAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Zhuhai,China3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou,China4UniversityoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China5StateKeyLaboratoryofAppliedMicrobiologySouthernChina,GuangdongProvincialKeyLaboratoryofMicrobialCultureCollectionandApplication,GuangdongOpenLaboratoryofAppliedMicrobiology,GuangdongMicrobialCultureCollect
8. Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Mediates Cell Permeability ...
coli. Unexpectedly, the removal of the mcr-1 gene increased cell viability under high osmotic stress conditions (e.g., 7.0% NaCl) and led to ...NCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutTryoutPMCLabsandtelluswhatyouthink.LearnMore.JournalListFrontMicrobiolv.10;2019PMC6966882FrontMicrobiol.2019;10:3015.Publishedonline2020Jan10.doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03015PMCID:PMC6966882PMID:31998280ColistinResistanceGenemcr-1MediatesCellPermeabilityandResistancetoHydrophobicAntibioticsBaiyuanLi,1FangYin,2XuanyuZhao,3,4YunxueGuo,3WeiquanWang,3,4PengxiaWang,3HonghuiZhu,5YeshiYin,1andXiaoxueWang3,4,*BaiyuanLi1KeyLaboratoryofComprehensiveUtilizationofAdvantagePlantsResourcesinHunanSouth,CollegeofChemistryandBioengineering,HunanUniversityofScienceandEngineering,Yongzhou,ChinaFindarticlesbyBaiyuanLiFangYin2DepartmentofBreastandThyroidSurgery,TheFifthAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Zhuhai,ChinaFindarticlesbyFangYinXuanyuZhao3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou,China4UniversityoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,ChinaFindarticlesbyXuanyuZhaoYunxueGuo3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou,ChinaFindarticlesbyYunxueGuoWeiquanWang3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou,China4UniversityoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,ChinaFindarticlesbyWeiquanWangPengxiaWang3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzho
9. MCR-1
Other mcr genesMCR-1FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumptonavigationJumptosearchThisarticleisabouttheantibioticresistancemechanism.Fortheyeastgene,seeMcr1.ProbablephosphatidylethanolaminetransferaseMcr-1IdentifiersOrganismEscherichiacoliSymbolmcr1UniProtA0A0R6L508SearchforStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterProE.coli,thebacteriuminwhichMCR-1wasfirstidentified.Themobilizedcolistinresistance(mcr)geneconfersplasmid-mediatedresistancetocolistin,oneofanumberoflast-resortantibioticsfortreatingGram-negativeinfections.mcr-1,theoriginalvariant,iscapableofhorizontaltransferbetweendifferentstrainsofabacterialspecies.AfterdiscoveryinNovember2015inE.coli(strainSHP45)fromapiginChinaithasbeenfoundinEscherichiacoli,Salmonellaenterica,Klebsiellapneumoniae,Enterobacteraerogenes,andEnterobactercloacae.Asof2017[update],ithasbeendetectedinmorethan30countrieson5continentsinlessthanayear.Contents1Description2Discoveryandgeographicalspread3Origins4Inhibition5Othermcrgenes6Seealso7ReferencesDescription[edit]The"mobilizedcolistinresistance"(mcr-1)geneconfersplasmid-mediatedresistancetocolistin,apolymyxinandoneofanumberoflast-resortantibioticsfortreatinginfections.[1][2]ThegeneisfoundinnolessthantenspeciesoftheEnterobacteriaceae:Escherichiacoli,Salmonella,Klebsiellapneumoniae,Enterobacteraerogenes,Enterobactercloacae,Cronobactersakazakii,Shigellasonnei,Kluyveraspecies,Citrobacterspecies,andRaoultellaornithinolytica.ThemechanismofresistanceoftheMCRgeneisaphosphatidylethanolaminetransferase.TheenzymetransfersaphosphoethanolamineresiduetothelipidApresentinthecellmembraneofgram-negativebacteria.ThealteredlipidAhasmuchloweraffinityforcolistinandrelatedpolymyxinsresultinginreducedactivityoftheantimicrobial.Thistypeofresistanceisknownastargetmodification.[3]AlthoughthesamemechanismhasbeenobservedbeforewithenzymeslikeeptA,[4]mcr-1isthefirstpolymyxinresistancegeneknowntobecapableofhorizontaltransferbetweendifferentstrainsofabacterialspecies.[1]Discoveryandgeographicalspread[edit]Thegenewasfirstdiscovere
10. Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Mediates Cell ...
ThisarticleispartoftheResearchTopicAntimicrobialResistanceAsaGlobalPublicHealthProblem:HowCanWeAddressIt?Viewall50ArticlesArticlesRaffaeleZarrilliDepartmentofPublicHealth,UniversityofNaplesFedericoII,ItalyJian-HuaLiuSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,ChinaXiminZengTheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,UnitedStatesTheeditorandreviewers'affiliationsarethelatestprovidedontheirLoopresearchprofilesandmaynotreflecttheirsituationatthetimeofreview.AbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsandDiscussionConclusionDataAvailabilityStatementAuthorContributionsFundingConflictofInterestSupplementaryMaterialReferencesSuggestaResearchTopic>DownloadArticleDownloadPDFReadCubeEPUBXML(NLM)SupplementaryMaterialExportcitationEndNoteReferenceManagerSimpleTEXTfileBibTextotalviewsViewArticleImpactSuggestaResearchTopic>SHAREONOpenSupplementalDataORIGINALRESEARCHarticleFront.Microbiol.,10January2020|https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03015ColistinResistanceGenemcr-1MediatesCellPermeabilityandResistancetoHydrophobicAntibioticsBaiyuanLi1,FangYin2,XuanyuZhao3,4,YunxueGuo3,WeiquanWang3,4,PengxiaWang3,HonghuiZhu5,YeshiYin1andXiaoxueWang3,4*1KeyLaboratoryofComprehensiveUtilizationofAdvantagePlantsResourcesinHunanSouth,CollegeofChemistryandBioengineering,HunanUniversityofScienceandEngineering,Yongzhou,China2DepartmentofBreastandThyroidSurgery,TheFifthAffiliatedHospital,SunYat-senUniversity,Zhuhai,China3KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,GuangdongKeyLaboratoryofMarineMateriaMedica,RNAMCenterforMarineMicrobiology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou,China4UniversityoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China5StateKeyLaboratoryofAppliedMicrobiologySouthernChina,GuangdongProvincialKeyLaboratoryofMicrobialCultureCollectionandApplication,GuangdongOpenLaboratoryofAppliedMicrobiology,GuangdongMicrobialCultureCollectionCenter,GuangdongInstituteofMicrobiology,Guangzhou,ChinaColistinisconsideredthelast-resortantibioticusedtotreatmultidrugresistantbacteria-relate
11. 新型抗藥基因mcr-1 (Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance)
者認為mcr-1 的出現，代表著抗生素 ... 表一台灣大腸桿菌中可利斯汀(colistin) 抗藥性與帶有mcr-1 之情況 ... resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli isolates.專欄--新型抗藥基因mcr-1(Plasmid-MediatedColistinResistance)專欄--新型抗藥基因mcr-1(Plasmid-MediatedColistinResistance)下載
12. MC1R gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
YouAreHere:Home→Genetics→Genes→MC1RgeneURLofthispage:https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/mc1r/MC1Rgenemelanocortin1receptorFromGeneticsHomeReference.LearnmoreNormalFunctionTheMC1Rgeneprovidesinstructionsformakingaproteincalledthemelanocortin1receptor.Thisreceptorplaysanimportantroleinnormalpigmentation.Thereceptorisprimarilylocatedonthesurfaceofmelanocytes,whicharespecializedcellsthatproduceapigmentcalledmelanin.Melaninisthesubstancethatgivesskin,hair,andeyestheircolor.Melaninisalsofoundinthelight-sensitivetissueatthebackoftheeye(theretina),whereitplaysaroleinnormalvision.Melanocytesmaketwoformsofmelanin,eumelaninandpheomelanin.Therelativeamountsofthesetwopigmentshelpdeterminethecolorofaperson'shairandskin.Peoplewhoproducemostlyeumelanintendtohavebrownorblackhairanddarkskinthattanseasily.Eumelaninalsoprotectsskinfromdamagecausedbyultraviolet(UV)radiationinsunlight.Peoplewhoproducemostlypheomelanintendtohaveredorblondhair,freckles,andlight-coloredskinthattanspoorly.BecausepheomelanindoesnotprotectskinfromUVradiation,peoplewithmorepheomelaninhaveanincreasedriskofskindamagecausedbysunexposure.Themelanocortin1receptorcontrolswhichtypeofmelaninisproducedbymelanocytes.Whenthereceptorisactivated,ittriggersaseriesofchemicalreactionsinsidemelanocytesthatstimulatethesecellstomakeeumelanin.Ifthereceptorisnotactivatedorisblocked,melanocytesmakepheomelanininsteadofeumelanin.Commonvariations(polymorphisms)intheMC1Rgeneareassociatedwithnormaldifferencesinskinandhaircolor.Certaingeneticvariationsaremostcommoninpeoplewithredhair,fairskin,freckles,andanincreasedsensitivitytosunexposure.TheseMC1Rpolymorphismsreducetheabilityofthemelanocortin1receptortostimulateeumelaninproduction,causingmelanocytestomakemostlypheomelanin.AlthoughMC1Risakeygeneinnormalhumanpigmentation,researchersbelievethattheeffectsofothergenesalsocontributetoaperson'shairandskincoloring.Themelanocortin1receptorisalsoactiveincellsotherthanmelanocytes,includingcellsinvolvedinthebody'simmuneandinflammatoryresponses.T