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Conclusion and future directions

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly ...Home/Newsroom/Factsheets/Detail/NipahvirusN.BothmaFruitbatsflyabovethecitycentreofAbidjan,Côted'Ivoire.©CreditsNipahvirus30May2018KeyfactsNipahvirusinfectioninhumanscausesarangeofclinicalpresentations,fromasymptomaticinfection(subclinical)toacuterespiratoryinfectionandfatalencephalitis.Thecasefatalityrateisestimatedat40%to75%.Thisratecanvarybyoutbreakdependingonlocalcapabilitiesforepidemiologicalsurveillanceandclinicalmanagement.Nipahviruscanbetransmittedtohumansfromanimals(suchasbatsorpigs),orcontaminatedfoodsandcanalsobetransmitteddirectlyfromhuman-to-human.FruitbatsofthePteropodidaefamilyarethenaturalhostofNipahvirus.Thereisnotreatmentorvaccineavailableforeitherpeopleoranimals.Theprimarytreatmentforhumansissupportivecare.The2018annualreviewoftheWHOR&DBlueprintlistofprioritydiseasesindicatesthatthereisanurgentneedforacceleratedresearchanddevelopmentfortheNipahvirus.  Nipahvirus(NiV)isazoonoticvirus(itistransmittedfromanimalstohumans)andcanalsobetransmittedthroughcontaminatedfoodordirectlybetweenpeople.Ininfectedpeople,itcausesarangeofillnessesfromasymptomatic(subclinical)infectiontoacuterespiratoryillnessandfatalencephalitis.Theviruscanalsocauseseverediseaseinanimalssuchaspigs,resultinginsignificanteconomiclossesforfarmers.  AlthoughNipahvirushascausedonlyafewknownoutbreaksinAsia,itinfectsawiderangeofanimalsandcausesseverediseaseanddeathinpeople,makingitapublichealthconcern.PastOutbreaks Nipahviruswasfirstrecognizedin1999duringanoutbreakamongpigfarmersin,Malaysia.NonewoutbreakshavebeenreportedinMalaysiasince1999. ItwasalsorecognizedinBangladeshin2001,andnearlyannualoutbreakshaveoccurredinthatcountrysince.ThediseasehasalsobeenidentifiedperiodicallyineasternIndia.Otherregionsmaybeatriskforinfection,asevidenceofthevirushasbeenfoundintheknownnaturalreservoir(Pteropusbatspecies)andseveralotherbatspeciesinanumberofcountrie

NCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutJournalListEmergInfectDisv.12(12);2006DecPMC3291367EmergInfectDis.2006Dec;12(12):1888–1894.doi: 10.3201/eid1212.060732PMCID:PMC3291367PMID:17326940FoodborneTransmissionofNipahVirus,BangladeshStephenP.Luby,*MahmudurRahman,†M.JahangirHossain,*LaurenS.Blum,*M.MushtaqHusain,†EmilyGurley,*RashedaKhan,*Be-NazirAhmed,†ShafiqurRahman,†NazmunNahar,*EbenKenah,*JamesA.Comer,‡andThomasG.Ksiazek‡StephenP.Luby*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyStephenP.LubyMahmudurRahman†InstituteforEpidemiologyDiseaseControlandResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyMahmudurRahmanM.JahangirHossain*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyM.JahangirHossainLaurenS.Blum*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyLaurenS.BlumM.MushtaqHusain†InstituteforEpidemiologyDiseaseControlandResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyM.MushtaqHusainEmilyGurley*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyEmilyGurleyRashedaKhan*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyRashedaKhanBe-NazirAhmed†InstituteforEpidemiologyDiseaseControlandResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyBe-NazirAhmedShafiqurRahman†InstituteforEpidemiologyDiseaseControlandResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyShafiqurRahmanNazmunNahar*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyNazmunNaharEbenKenah*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;FindarticlesbyEbenKenahJamesA.Comer‡CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta,Georgia,USAFindarticlesbyJamesA.ComerThomasG.Ksiazek‡CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta,Georgia,USAFindarticlesbyThomasG.KsiazekAuthorinformationCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimer*InternationalCentreforDiarrhealDiseaseResearch,Dhaka,Bangladesh;†InstituteforEpidemiologyDiseaseContro

Conclusion

CONCLUSIONSSkiptoMainContentAdvertisementSearchMenuAccountMenuMenuSignInRegisterNavbarSearchFilterThisissueAllTheJournalofInfectiousDiseasesAllIDSAJournalsAllJournalsMobileMicrositeSearchTermSearchSignInRegisterIssuesMoreContentAdvancearticlesEditor'sChoiceSupplementArchiveCoverArchiveIDSAJournalsClinicalInfectiousDiseasesOpenForumInfectiousDiseasesPublishAuthorGuidelinesSubmitOpenAccessPurchaseAdvertiseAdvertisingandCorporateServicesAdvertisingMediakitReprintsandePrintsSponsoredSupplementsBrandedBooksJournalsCareerNetworkAboutAboutTheJournalofInfectiousDiseasesAbouttheInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmericaAbouttheHIVMedicineAssociationIDSACOIPolicyEditorialBoardAlertsSelf-ArchivingPolicyForReviewersForPressOfficesIssuesMoreContentAdvancearticlesEditor'sChoiceSupplementArchiveCoverArchiveIDSAJournalsClinicalInfectiousDiseasesOpenForumInfectiousDiseasesPublishAuthorGuidelinesSubmitOpenAccessPurchaseAdvertiseAdvertisingandCorporateServicesAdvertisingMediakitReprintsandePrintsSponsoredSupplementsBrandedBooksJournalsCareerNetworkAboutAboutTheJournalofInfectiousDiseasesAbouttheInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmericaAbouttheHIVMedicineAssociationIDSACOIPolicyEditorialBoardAlertsSelf-ArchivingPolicyForReviewersForPressOfficesClosesearchfilterThisissueAllTheJournalofInfectiousDiseasesAllIDSAJournalsAllJournalssearchinputSearchAdvancedSearchSearchMenuSkipNavDestinationArticleNavigationClosemobilesearchnavigationArticleNavigationVolume221IssueSupplement_41May2020ArticleContentsMAJORADVANCESKNOWLEDGEGAPSCONCLUSIONSNotesReferences Next>ArticleNavigationTwentyYearsofNipahVirusResearch:WhereDoWeGoFromHere?EmilySGurley,EmilySGurleyDepartmentofEpidemiology,JohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth,Baltimore,Maryland,USASearchforotherworksbythisauthoron:OxfordAcademicPubMedGoogleScholarChristinaFSpiropoulou,ChristinaFSpiropoulouCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta,Georgia,USASearchforotherworksbythisauthoron:OxfordAcademicPubMedGoogleScholarEmmiedeWitEmmiedeWitNationalInstituteofAll

SkipdirectlytositecontentSkipdirectlytopageoptionsSkipdirectlytoA-ZlinkNipahVirus(NiV)SectionNavigationCDCHomeFacebookTwitterLinkedInSyndicatePreventionMinusRelatedPagesInareaswhereNipahvirus(NiV)outbreakshaveoccurred(Bangladesh,Malaysia,India,andSingapore),peopleshould:PracticehandwashingregularlywithsoapandwaterAvoidcontactwithsickbatsorpigsAvoidareaswherebatsareknowntoroostAvoidconsumptionofrawdatepalmsapAvoidconsumptionoffruitsthatmaybecontaminatedbybatsAvoidcontactwiththebloodorbodyfluidsofanypersonknowntobeinfectedwithNiVBecauseNiVcanbespreadfromperson-to-person,standardinfectioncontrolpracticesandproperbarriernursingtechniquesareimportantinpreventinghospital-acquiredinfections(nosocomialtransmission)insettingswhereapatienthasconfirmedorsuspectedNiVinfection.OthergeographiclocationsmaybeatriskforNiVoutbreaksinthefuture,suchasregionswhereflyingfoxes(batgenusPteropus)live.ThesebatsarecurrentlyfoundinCambodia,Indonesia,Madagascar,thePhilippines,andThailand.Peoplelivinginorvisitingtheseareasshouldconsidertakingthesameprecautionsasthoselivinginareaswhereoutbreakshavealreadyoccurred.InadditiontostepsthatindividualscantaketolowertheirriskforNiVinfection,itwillbecriticalforscientists,researchers,andcommunitiesatrisktocontinuelearningaboutNiVtopreventfutureoutbreaks.Broaderpreventioneffortsinclude:IncreasingsurveillanceofanimalsandpeopleinareaswhereNiVisknowntoexist.Increasingresearchontheecologyoffruitbatstounderstandwheretheyliveandhowtheyspreadthevirustootheranimalsandpeople.Evaluationofnoveltechnologiesormethodstominimizespreadoftheviruswithinbatpopulations.Improvingtoolstodetectthevirusearlyincommunitiesandlivestock.Reinforcingprotocolsforhealthcaresettingsonstandardinfectioncontrolpracticestopreventperson-to-personspread.Raisingawarenessaboutthesigns,symptoms,andriskofNiVamongpopulationsathigherriskdueto:GeographiclocationContactwithfruitbatsoritemscontaminatedbyfruitbatsContactwithpigsoranimalsthatcouldcomeintocontactwithfruitbatsWorkinahealthcaresettingorasacar

ConclusionsNCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutJournalListCureusv.10(8);2018AugPMC6223664Cureus.2018Aug;10(8):e3168.Publishedonline2018Aug21.doi: 10.7759/cureus.3168PMCID:PMC6223664PMID:30416895TheKillerVirusCalledNipah:AReviewMonitoringEditor:AlexanderMuacevicandJohnRAdlerKamleshunRamphul,1StephanieGMejias,2VivianCAgumadu,3ShaheenSombans,4RuhiSonaye,5andPetrasLohana6KamleshunRamphul1Pediatrics,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine/ShanghaiXinHuaHospital,Shanghai,CHNFindarticlesbyKamleshunRamphulStephanieGMejias2Pediatrics,TheUniversityIberoamericanaUnibeSchoolofMedicine/RobertReidCabralChildren'sHospital,SantoDomingo,DOMFindarticlesbyStephanieGMejiasVivianCAgumadu3Medicine,InternationalUniversityoftheHealthSciencesSchoolofMedicine,Basseterre,KNAFindarticlesbyVivianCAgumaduShaheenSombans4InternalMedicine,BharatiVidyapeethDeemedUniversityMedicalCollegeandHospital,Pune,INDFindarticlesbyShaheenSombansRuhiSonaye5BharatiVidyapeethDeemedUniversityMedicalCollegeandHospital,Thane,INDFindarticlesbyRuhiSonayePetrasLohana6Medicine,LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciencesHospital,Karachi,PAKFindarticlesbyPetrasLohanaAuthorinformationArticlenotesCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimer1Pediatrics,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine/ShanghaiXinHuaHospital,Shanghai,CHN2Pediatrics,TheUniversityIberoamericanaUnibeSchoolofMedicine/RobertReidCabralChildren'sHospital,SantoDomingo,DOM3Medicine,InternationalUniversityoftheHealthSciencesSchoolofMedicine,Basseterre,KNA4InternalMedicine,BharatiVidyapeethDeemedUniversityMedicalCollegeandHospital,Pune,IND5BharatiVidyapeethDeemedUniversityMedicalCollegeandHospital,Thane,IND6Medicine,LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciencesHospital,Karachi,PAKCorrespondingauthor.KamleshunRamphulmoc.liamtoh@luhpmardaReceived2018Aug16;Accepted2018Aug20.Copyright©2018,Ramphuletal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestrict

SkipdirectlytositecontentSkipdirectlytopageoptionsSkipdirectlytoA-ZlinkNipahVirus(NiV)SectionNavigationCDCHomeFacebookTwitterLinkedInSyndicateTreatmentMinusRelatedPagesCurrentlytherearenolicensedtreatmentsavailableforNipahvirus(NiV)infection.Treatmentislimitedtosupportivecare,includingrest,hydration,andtreatmentofsymptomsastheyoccur.Thereare,however,immunotherapeutictreatments(monoclonalantibodytherapies)thatarecurrentlyunderdevelopmentandevaluationfortreatmentofNiVinfections.Onesuchmonoclonalantibody,m102.4,hascompletedphase1clinicaltrialsandhasbeenusedonacompassionateusebasis.Inaddition,theantiviraltreatmentremdesivirhasbeeneffectiveinnonhumanprimateswhengivenaspost-exposureprophylaxis,andmaybecomplementarytoimmunotherapeutictreatments.ThedrugribavirinwasusedtotreatasmallnumberofpatientsintheinitialMalaysianNiVoutbreak,butitsefficacyinpeopleisunclear.Pagelastreviewed:October6,2020Contentsource:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforEmergingandZoonoticInfectiousDiseases(NCEZID),DivisionofHigh-ConsequencePathogensandPathology(DHCPP),ViralSpecialPathogensBranch(VSPB)homeNipahVirus(NiV)WhatisNipahVirus?TransmissionSigns&SymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionResourcesRelatedLinksAboutVSPB(ViralSpecialPathogensBranch)FacebookTwitterLinkedInSASstatsExitNotification/DisclaimerPolicyCloseLinkswiththisiconindicatethatyouareleavingtheCDCwebsite.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)cannotattesttotheaccuracyofanon-federalwebsite.Linkingtoanon-federalwebsitedoesnotconstituteanendorsementbyCDCoranyofitsemployeesofthesponsorsortheinformationandproductspresentedonthewebsite.Youwillbesubjecttothedestinationwebsite'sprivacypolicywhenyoufollowthelink.CDCisnotresponsibleforSection508compliance(accessibility)onotherfederalorprivatewebsite.FormoreinformationonCDC'swebnotificationpolicies,seeWebsiteDisclaimers.CancelContinue

ConclusionNCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutJournalListEpidemiolInfectv.147;2019PMC6518547EpidemiolInfect.2019;147:e95.Publishedonline2019Feb22.doi: 10.1017/S0950268819000086PMCID:PMC6518547PMID:30869046Nipahvirusinfection:AreviewAditi1andM.Shariff2Aditi1DepartmentofMicrobiology,GuruTegBahadurHospital,Delhi,IndiaFindarticlesbyAditiM.Shariff2DepartmentofMicrobiology,VallabhbhaiPatelChestInstitute,Delhi,IndiaFindarticlesbyM.ShariffAuthorinformationArticlenotesCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimer1DepartmentofMicrobiology,GuruTegBahadurHospital,Delhi,India2DepartmentofMicrobiology,VallabhbhaiPatelChestInstitute,Delhi,IndiaAuthorforcorrespondence:M.Shariff,E-mail:[email protected];Revised2018Nov20;Accepted2019Jan1.Copyright©CambridgeUniversityPress2019ThisisanOpenAccessarticle,distributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicence(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsunrestrictedre-use,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.ThisarticlehasbeencitedbyotherarticlesinPMC.Nipahvirus(NiV)isanemergingbat-bornepathogen.Itwasfirstidentified20yearsagoinMalaysiaandhassincecausedoutbreaksinotherpartsofSouthandSoutheastAsia.Itcausessevereneurologicalandrespiratorydiseasewhichishighlylethal.Itishighlyinfectiousandspreadsinthecommunitythroughinfectedanimalsorotherinfectedpeople.Differentstrainsofthevirusshowdifferingclinicalandepidemiologicalfeatures.Rapiddiagnosisandimplementationofinfectioncontrolmeasuresareessentialtocontainoutbreaks.Anumberofserologicalandmoleculardiagnostictechniqueshavebeendevelopedfordiagnosisandsurveillance.Difficultiesindiagnosisandmanagementarisewhenanewareaisaffected.Thehighmortalityassociatedwithinfectionandthepossibilityofspreadtonewareashasunderscoredtheneedforeffectivemanagementandcontrol.However,noeffectivetreatmentorprophylaxisisreadilyavailable,thoughseveralapproachesshowpromise.Giventhecommonchain