INTRODUCTION — Murine (endemic) typhus is a flea-borne infectious disease caused by Rickettsia typhi. Infection occurs worldwide, with the majority of cases ...ﺧﺎﻧﻪکتابخانهﺁﭘﺘﻮﺩﯾﺖﮊﻭﺭﻧﺎﻝویديوآموزشیخریدپکیجﺁﭘﺘﻮﺩﯾﺖژورنالکتابخانهآنلاینزباناصلیکتابخانهآنلاینفارسیویدیوآموزشیدربارهماﺗﻤﺎﺱﺑﺎﻣﺎورودثبتنامﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖﺑﻪﺻﻔﺤﻪﻗﺒﻠﯽخریدپکیجتعدادایتمقابلمشاهدهباقیمانده:4موردVersionSeptember2021  ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮUptodateReferenceTitleGoToLinkCloseMurinetyphusMurinetyphusAuthors:DanielJSexton,MDMicahTMcClain,MD,PhDSectionEditor:StephenBCalderwood,MDDeputyEditor:JenniferMitty,MD,MPHLiteraturereviewcurrentthrough: Aug2021. | Thistopiclastupdated: Dec07,2020.INTRODUCTION — Murine(endemic)typhusisaflea-borneinfectiousdiseasecausedbyRickettsiatyphi.Infectionoccursworldwide,withthemajorityofcasesoccurringinareaswhereratsaccumulateinlargenumbers.However,theincidenceisdifficulttoestablishsincediseasecanbemild,self-limited,andclinicallysimilartoothercausesofrashandfever.Thistopicwillreviewtheepidemiology,clinicalmanifestations,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmurinetyphus.Discussionsofotherrickettsialdiseasesarefoundinseparatereviews.(See"Scrubtyphus:Clinicalfeaturesanddiagnosis"and"Scrubtyphus:Treatmentandprevention"and"Otherspottedfevergrouprickettsialinfections"and"Epidemictyphus".)PATHOGEN — R.typhiisamemberofthetyphusgroupofrickettsiaethatalsoincludestheagentofepidemictyphus,R.prowazekii.Theseorganismsareobligateintracellular,gram-negativebacteriathatcanonlybegrownintissueculture,thecellsofexperimentalanimals,orchickembryos.(See"BiologyofRickettsiarickettsiiinfection".)TRANSMISSION — Murinetyphusisprimarilytransmittedbytheratflea,Xenopsyllacheopis.Additionalvectorsincludethecatflea,Ctenocephalidesfelis,andthemouseflea,Leptopsylliasegnis.FleasremainpermanentlyinfectedwithR.typhi,andtheirlifespanisnotshortenedbythepresenceofrickettsiae.Humansareinfectedbyinoculationofinfectivefleafecesinbitewounds[1].Inadditiontoservingashostsforinfectedfleas,ratsmaybecomerickettsemicaftercontactwithaninfectedfleaandtherebytransmitth