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1. Typhus fever (Epidemic louse-borne typhus)
Typhus fever occurs in colder (i.e. mountainous) regions of central and eastern Africa, central and South America, and Asia. In recent years, most outbreaks have ...GlobalRegionsWHORegionalwebsitesAfricaAmericasSouth-EastAsiaEuropeEasternMediterraneanWesternPacificWhenautocompleteresultsareavailableuseupanddownarrowstoreviewandentertoselect.عربي中文EnglishFrançaisРусскийEspañolHomeHealthTopicsAlltopics»ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZResources»FactsheetsFactsinpicturesPublicationsQuestions&answersPopular»Coronavirusdisease(COVID-19)EbolavirusdiseaseAirpollutionHepatitisTop10causesofdeathWorldHealthAssembly»CountriesAllcountries »ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZRegions»AfricaAmericasSouth-EastAsiaEuropeEasternMediterraneanWesternPacificWHOincountries»StatisticsCooperationstrategiesDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo »WHO©Credits NewsroomAllnews»NewsreleasesStatementsCampaignsCommentariesEventsFeaturestoriesSpeechesSpotlightsNewslettersPhotolibraryMediadistributionlistHeadlines »Timeline:WHO'sCOVID-19response » EmergenciesFocuson»EbolavirusdiseaseoutbreakGuinea2021EbolavirusdiseaseoutbreakDRC2021COVID-19pandemicSyriacrisisLatest»DiseaseOutbreakNewsTraveladviceSituationreportsWeeklyEpidemiologicalRecordWHOinemergencies»SurveillanceResearchFundingPartnersOperationsIndependentOversightandAdvisoryCommitteeCoronavirusdiseaseoutbreak(COVID-19)»WHO©CreditsDataWorldHealthDataPlatform»DatastoriesDatareportsDatacollectiontoolsDatastandardsFeatured»GlobalHealthObservatoryTripleBillionDashboardCOVID-19DashboardEquitymonitoringAlldatacollections»WorldHealthStatistics2020»WHO©CreditsAboutUsAboutWHO»OurvaluesWhoweareWhatwedoWhereweworkInitiativesEthicsDirector-GeneralWHOAcademyContactus»Governingbodies»WorldHealthAssemblyExecutiveBoardHowWHOisfunded»AssessedcontributionsWHOFoundationBetterhealthforeveryone »WHO©CreditsSkiptomaincontentAccessHomeAlt+0NavigationAlt+1ContentAlt+2InternationaltravelandhealthMenuInternationaltravelandhealthDiseaseinformationVaccinesOthertravelhealthrisksGeneralprecautionsMod
2. Typhus Treatment, Symptoms, Prevention & Causes
Endemic typhus symptoms can include rash that begins on the body trunk and spreads, high fever, nausea, malaise, diarrhea, and vomiting. Epidemic typhus ...TyphusCenterBacterialInfections101PicturesSlideshowTaketheTummyTroubleQuizHepatitisCSlideshowPicturesPatientComments:Typhus-CausesPatientComments:Typhus-SymptomsandSignsFindalocalDoctorinyourtownTyphusfactsWhatistyphus?Aretheredifferenttypesoftyphus?Whatisthehistoryoftyphus?Whatcausestyphus?Howdoestyphusspread?Whataretyphusriskfactors?Whataretyphussymptomsandsigns?Howdohealthcareprofessionalsdiagnosetyphus?Whatisthetreatmentfortyphus?Whatistheprognosisoftyphus?Isitpossibletopreventtyphus?Isthereatyphusvaccine?Wherecanpeoplegetmoreinformationabouttyphus?TyphusfactsTyphusisavector-bornebacterialdisease;therearetwotypestermedendemicandepidemic.Typhushasalonganddeadlyhistory,especiallyepidemictyphus.Bacteriacausestyphus.Rickettsiaprowazekiicausesepidemictyphus.Rickettsiatyphiand,occasionally,R.feliscauseendemictyphusandaretransmittedtohumansbyvectorssuchaslice(mainlyepidemic)andfleas(mainlyendemic).Riskfactorsincludevisitingorlivinginareaswhererats,mice,andotheranimalshavehighpopulations(forexample,disasterareas,poverty-strickenareas,refugeecamps,jails)wherevectorssuchasfleasandlicecancarrythebacteriafromtheanimalstoinfecthumans.Endemictyphussymptomscanincluderashthatbeginsonthebodytrunkandspreads,highfever,nausea,malaise,diarrhea,andvomiting.Epidemictyphushassimilarbutmoreseveresymptoms,includingbleedingintotheskin,delirium,hypotension,anddeath.Typhusisdiagnosedbypatienthistory,physicalexam,andseveraltests(PCR,histologicalstaining)basedonimmunologicaltechniques.MedicalprofessionalsmayneedtoperformsometestsinstateorCDClabs.Antibiotics(forexample,azithromycin[Zithromax,Zmax],doxycycline[Vibramycin,Oracea,Adoxa,Atridox],tetracycline[Sumycin],orchloramphenicol)areusedtotreatendemicandepidemictyphus.Theprognosisforendemictyphusisusuallygoodtoexcellent,buttheepidemictyphusprognosiscanrangefromgood,withearlyeffectivetreatm
3. Typhus: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
Symptoms of typhus · severe headache · high fever (above 102.2°F) · rash that begins on the back or chest and spreads · confusion · stupor and seeming out of touch ...TyphusMedicallyreviewedbyStacySampson,D.O.—WrittenbytheHealthlineEditorialTeam—UpdatedonFebruary1,2019PictureCausesSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentComplicationsOutlookPreventionWhatistyphus?Typhusisadiseasecausedbyinfectionwithoneormorerickettsialbacteria.Fleas,mites(chiggers),lice,ortickstransmititwhentheybiteyou.Fleas,mites,lice,andticksaretypesofinvertebrateanimalsknownasarthropods.Whenarthropodscarryingaroundrickettsialbacteriabitesomeone,theytransmitthebacteriathatcausestyphus.Scratchingthebitefurtheropenstheskinandallowsthebacteriagreateraccesstothebloodstream.Onceinthebloodstream,thebacteriacontinuetoreproduceandgrow.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftyphus:epidemic(louse-borne)typhusendemic(murine)typhusscrubtyphusThetypeoftyphusyouareinfectedwithdependsonwhatbityou.Arthropodsaretypicallycarriersofatyphusstrainuniquetotheirspecies.Typhusoutbreaksusuallyonlyoccurindevelopingcountriesorinregionsofpoverty,poorsanitation,andclosehumancontact.TyphusisgenerallynotaproblemintheUnitedStates,butyoumaybecomeinfectedwhiletravelingabroad.Untreatedtyphuscanleadtoseriouscomplications,andit’spotentiallyfatal.It’simportanttoseeyourdoctorifyoususpectthatyoumayhavetyphus.PictureoftyphusShareonPinterestCauseoftyphusTyphusisnottransmittedfrompersontopersonlikeacoldortheflu.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftyphus,andeachtypeiscausedbyadifferenttypeofbacteriumandtransmittedbyadifferenttypeofarthropod.Epidemic/louse-bornetyphusThistypeiscausedbyRickettsiaprowazekiiandcarriedbythebodylouse,andpossiblybyticksaswell.Itcanbefoundaroundtheworld,includingintheUnitedStates,butistypicallyfoundinareasofhighpopulationandpoorsanitation,whereconditionspromoteliceinfestation.EndemictyphusAlternativelyknownasmurinetyphus,thistypeiscausedbyRickettsiatyphiandiscarriedbytheratfleaorcatflea.Endemictyphuscanbefoundworldwide.Itmaybefoundamongpeopleinc
4. Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of · The diseases are caused by specific types of · Vaccines · Typhus has been described since at least 1528 AD.TyphusFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumptonavigationJumptosearchGroupofinfectiousdiseasesForotheruses,seeTyphus(disambiguation).NottobeconfusedwithTyphoidfever.MedicalconditionTyphusOthernamesTyphusfeverRashcausedbyepidemictyphusSpecialtyInfectiousdiseaseSymptomsFever,headache,rash[1]ComplicationsMeningoencephalitisUsualonset1–2weeksafterexposure[2]CausesBacterialinfectionspreadbyparasites[1]RiskfactorsPoorsanitationPreventionAvoidingexposuretoorganismsknowntocarrythediseaseTreatmentDoxycycline[2]FrequencyRare[3]Typhus,alsoknownastyphusfever,isagroupofinfectiousdiseasesthatincludeepidemictyphus,scrubtyphus,andmurinetyphus.[1]Commonsymptomsincludefever,headache,andarash.[1]Typicallythesebeginonetotwoweeksafterexposure.[2]Thediseasesarecausedbyspecifictypesofbacterialinfection.[1]EpidemictyphusisduetoRickettsiaprowazekiispreadbybodylice,scrubtyphusisduetoOrientiatsutsugamushispreadbychiggers,andmurinetyphusisduetoRickettsiatyphispreadbyfleas.[1]Vaccineshavebeendeveloped,butnonearecommerciallyavailable.[3][4][5]Preventionisachievedbyreducingexposuretotheorganismsthatspreadthedisease.[3][4][5]Treatmentiswiththeantibioticdoxycycline.[2]Epidemictyphusgenerallyoccursinoutbreakswhenpoorsanitaryconditionsandcrowdingarepresent.[6]Whileoncecommon,itisnowrare.[3]ScrubtyphusoccursinSoutheastAsia,Japan,andnorthernAustralia.[4]Murinetyphusoccursintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld.[5]Typhushasbeendescribedsinceatleast1528AD.[7]ThenamecomesfromtheGreektûphos(τῦφος)meaningfeverordelusion,describingthestateofmindofthoseinfected.[7]While"typhoid"means"typhus-like",typhusandtyphoidfeveraredistinctdiseasescausedbydifferenttypesofbacteria.[8]Contents1Signsandsymptoms2Causes3Prevention4Treatment5Epidemiology6History6.1MiddleAges6.2Earlymodernepidemics6.319thcentury6.420thcentury6.521stcentury7ReferencesSignsandsymptoms[edit]Th
5. Epidemic Typhus
Epidemic typhus, also called louse-borne typhus, is an uncommon disease caused by a bacteria called Rickettsia prowazekii. Epidemic typhus is spread to ...SkipdirectlytositecontentSkipdirectlytopageoptionsSkipdirectlytoA-ZlinkTyphusFeversSectionNavigationCDCHomeFacebookTwitterLinkedInSyndicateEpidemicTyphusMinusRelatedPagesOnThisPageSignsandSymptomsDiagnosisandTestingTreatmentPreventionEpidemictyphus,alsocalledlouse-bornetyphus,isanuncommondiseasecausedbyabacteriacalledRickettsiaprowazekii.Epidemictyphusisspreadtopeoplethroughcontactwithinfectedbodylice.Thoughepidemictyphuswasresponsibleformillionsofdeathsinpreviouscenturies,itisnowconsideredararedisease.Occasionally,casescontinuetooccur,inareaswhereextremeovercrowdingiscommonandbodylicecantravelfromonepersontoanother. IntheUnitedStates,rarecasesofepidemictyphus,calledsylvatictyphus,canoccur. Thesecasesoccurwhenpeopleareexposedtoflyingsquirrelsandtheirnests.SignsandSymptomsFigure1:Pediculushumanuscorporis,thehumanbodylouse.Symptomsofepidemictyphusbeginwithin2weeksaftercontactwithinfectedbodylice.Signsandsymptomsmayinclude:FeverandchillsHeadacheRapidbreathingBodyandmuscleachesRashCoughNauseaVomitingConfusionBrill-ZinsserdiseaseSomepeoplecanremaininfected,withoutsymptoms,foryearsaftertheyfirstgetsick.Rarely,theseindividualscanhavearelapseindisease,calledBrill-Zinsserdisease,monthsoryearsfollowingtheirfirstillness.Whenthishappens,itoftenoccurswhenthebody’simmunesystemisweakenedduetocertainmedications,oldage,orillness.ThesymptomsofBrill-Zinsserdiseasearesimilartotheoriginalinfection,butareusuallymilderthantheinitialillness.TopofPageDiagnosisandTestingThesymptomsofepidemictyphusaresimilartosymptomsofmanyotherdiseases.Seeyourhealthcareproviderifyoudevelopthesymptomslistedabovefollowingtravelorcontactwithanimals.Tellyourhealthcareproviderifyouhavehadcontactwithflyingsquirrelsortheirnests.Yourhealthcareproviderwillorderabloodtesttolookforepidemictyphusandotherdiseases.Laboratorytestingandreportingofresultscantakeseveralweek
6. Endemic Typhus Fever
Endemic typhus fever, also known as murine typhus, is caused by Rickettsia typhi. Endemic typhus fever is an infectious disease, and the clinical manifestations ...首頁Diseases&ConditionsImportantDiseasesHomeHomeAboutCDCAboutCDCAboutCDCAboutCDCPoliciesNHCCActsandRegulationsActsandRegulationsActsandRegulationsActsRegulationsDirectionsPublicationsPublicationsPublicationsBooksPeriodicalsOthersDiseases&ConditionsDiseases&ConditionsDiseases&ConditionsImportantDiseasesTravelers’HealthQuarantineQuarantineQuarantineBackgroundObjectivesStrategiesLawsandRegulationsTravelHealthNoticesForeigners’HealthInfectionControlandBiosafetyVaccine-PreventableDiseasesControlPrograms&CampaignsPrograms&CampaignsPrograms&CampaignsResearch&DevelopmentStopTBSpecialProjectPreparednessandResponseFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramResearchReportsInternship(training)ProgramsGuidelinesData&StatisticsData&StatisticsData&StatisticsTaiwanNationalInfectiousDiseaseStatisticsSystemStatisticsofHIV/AIDSDiseaseSurveillanceExpressInfluenzaExpressNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportYearlyReportMonthlyReportWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReport2021WeeklyReport2020WeeklyReport2019WeeklyReport2018WeeklyReport2017WeeklyReport2016WeeklyReport2015WeeklyReport2014WeeklyReport2013WeeklyReport2012WeeklyReport2011WeeklyReport2010WeeklyReport2009WeeklyReport2008School-basedSurveillanceReportTaiwanNosocomialInfectionsSurveillanceSystemTaiwanCDCOpenDataPortalInternationalCooperationInternationalCooperationInternationalCooperationTaiwanIHRNationalFocalPointContactInformationInternationalCooperationInternationalConferenceAPECRelatedEventsForeignVisitorsRelativeResourcesSchoolVisitsNewsNewsNewsPressReleasesCurrentTopicsEventsPrivacyPolicySecurityPolicyGovernmentWebsiteO
7. typhus
Epidemic typhus has also been called camp fever, jail fever, and war fever, names that suggest overcrowding, underwashing, and lowered standards of living. It is ...TyphusSections&MediaEncyclopediaArticleIntroductionEpidemictyphusOtherformsoftyphusExpandMediaImagesAdditionalInfoMoreArticlesOnThisTopicContributorsArticleHistoryHomeHealth&MedicineConditions&DiseasesInfectiousDiseasesTyphusdiseasePrintprintPrintPleaseselectwhichsectionsyouwouldliketoprint:TableOfContentsCiteverifiedCiteWhileeveryefforthasbeenmadetofollowcitationstylerules,theremaybesomediscrepancies.Pleaserefertotheappropriatestylemanualorothersourcesifyouhaveanyquestions.SelectCitationStyleMLAAPAChicagoManualofStyleCopyCitationShareShareSharetosocialmediaFacebookTwitterURLhttps://www.britannica.com/science/typhusMoreGiveFeedbackExternalWebsitesFeedbackCorrections?Updates?Omissions?Letusknowifyouhavesuggestionstoimprovethisarticle(requireslogin).FeedbackTypeSelectatype(Required)FactualCorrectionSpelling/GrammarCorrectionLinkCorrectionAdditionalInformationOtherYourFeedbackSubmitFeedbackThankyouforyourfeedbackOureditorswillreviewwhatyou’vesubmittedanddeterminewhethertorevisethearticle.JoinBritannica'sPublishingPartnerProgramandourcommunityofexpertstogainaglobalaudienceforyourwork!ExternalWebsitesWorldHealthOrganization-TyphusFeverVeryWellHealth-WhatIsTyphus?BritannicaWebsitesArticlesfromBritannicaEncyclopediasforelementaryandhighschoolstudents.typhus-Children'sEncyclopedia(Ages8-11)Typhus-StudentEncyclopedia(Ages11andup)WRITTENBYTheEditorsofEncyclopaediaBritannicaEncyclopaediaBritannica'seditorsoverseesubjectareasinwhichtheyhaveextensiveknowledge,whetherfromyearsofexperiencegainedbyworkingonthatcontentorviastudyforanadvanceddegree....SeeArticleHistoryTyphus,seriesofacuteinfectiousdiseasesthatappearwithasuddenonsetofheadache,chills,fever,andgeneralpains,proceedonthethirdtofifthdaywitharashandtoxemia(toxicsubstancesintheblood),andterminateaftertwotothreeweeks.Typhus(actuallynotoneillnessbutagroupofcloselyr
8. Typhus Fevers
Typhus fevers are a group of diseases caused by bacteria that are spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers. Typhus fevers include scrub typhus, murine ...SkipdirectlytositecontentSkipdirectlytopageoptionsSkipdirectlytoA-ZlinkTyphusFeversSectionNavigationCDCHomeFacebookTwitterLinkedInSyndicateTyphusFeversMinusRelatedPagesTyphusfeversareagroupofdiseasescausedbybacteriathatarespreadtohumansbyfleas,lice,andchiggers.Typhusfeversincludescrubtyphus,murinetyphus,andepidemictyphus.Chiggersspreadscrubtyphus,fleasspreadmurinetyphus,andbodylicespreadepidemictyphus.Themostcommonsymptomsarefever,headaches,andsometimesrash.EpidemicTyphusDiseasespreadbybodylice,wasresponsibleformillionsofdeathsinpreviouscenturies,nowconsideredrare.ScrubTyphusBacterialdiseasespreadbychiggersinSoutheastAsia.ForHealthcareProvidersClinicalguidelinesforthediagnosisandmanagementoftyphusfevers.Flea-borne(murine)TyphusFlea-bornebacterialdiseasefoundintropicalclimatesaroundtheworld,alsoreportedinpartsofU.S.ForPublicHealthOfficialsGuidelinesforreportingandhowtosubmitsamplesfortesting.Pagelastreviewed:November13,2020Contentsource:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforEmergingandZoonoticInfectiousDiseases(NCEZID),DivisionofVector-BorneDiseases(DVBD)homeTyphusFeversHomeScrubTyphusFlea-borne(murine)typhusplusiconWhatYouNeedtoKnowHistoricalTrendsClinicalFAQsEpidemicTyphusForHealthcareProvidersForPublicHealthOfficialsFacebookTwitterLinkedInSASstatsExitNotification/DisclaimerPolicyCloseLinkswiththisiconindicatethatyouareleavingtheCDCwebsite.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)cannotattesttotheaccuracyofanon-federalwebsite.Linkingtoanon-federalwebsitedoesnotconstituteanendorsementbyCDCoranyofitsemployeesofthesponsorsortheinformationandproductspresentedonthewebsite.Youwillbesubjecttothedestinationwebsite'sprivacypolicywhenyoufollowthelink.CDCisnotresponsibleforSection508compliance(accessibility)onotherfederalorprivatewebsite.FormoreinformationonCDC'swebnotificationpolicies,seeWebsiteDis
9. Epidemic Typhus Fever
The causative agent of epidemic typhus fever, Rickettsia prowazekii, is transmitted by the human body louse, which becomes infected by feeding on the blood of ...首頁Diseases&ConditionsImportantDiseasesHomeHomeAboutCDCAboutCDCAboutCDCAboutCDCPoliciesNHCCActsandRegulationsActsandRegulationsActsandRegulationsActsRegulationsDirectionsPublicationsPublicationsPublicationsBooksPeriodicalsOthersDiseases&ConditionsDiseases&ConditionsDiseases&ConditionsImportantDiseasesTravelers’HealthQuarantineQuarantineQuarantineBackgroundObjectivesStrategiesLawsandRegulationsTravelHealthNoticesForeigners’HealthInfectionControlandBiosafetyVaccine-PreventableDiseasesControlPrograms&CampaignsPrograms&CampaignsPrograms&CampaignsResearch&DevelopmentStopTBSpecialProjectPreparednessandResponseFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramFieldEpidemiologyTrainingProgramResearchReportsInternship(training)ProgramsGuidelinesData&StatisticsData&StatisticsData&StatisticsTaiwanNationalInfectiousDiseaseStatisticsSystemStatisticsofHIV/AIDSDiseaseSurveillanceExpressInfluenzaExpressNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportNationalNotifiableDiseaseSurveillanceReportYearlyReportMonthlyReportWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReportofEnterovirusInfectionWeeklyReport2021WeeklyReport2020WeeklyReport2019WeeklyReport2018WeeklyReport2017WeeklyReport2016WeeklyReport2015WeeklyReport2014WeeklyReport2013WeeklyReport2012WeeklyReport2011WeeklyReport2010WeeklyReport2009WeeklyReport2008School-basedSurveillanceReportTaiwanNosocomialInfectionsSurveillanceSystemTaiwanCDCOpenDataPortalInternationalCooperationInternationalCooperationInternationalCooperationTaiwanIHRNationalFocalPointContactInformationInternationalCooperationInternationalConferenceAPECRelatedEventsForeignVisitorsRelativeResourcesSchoolVisitsNewsNewsNewsPressReleasesCurrentTopicsEventsPrivacyPolicySecurityPolicyGovernmentWebsiteOpe