Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of viral hemorrhagic fever-Lassa hemorrhagic fever, belonging to Arenaviridae. The hosts of the virus are human and ...ServicesProductsKeywordsSearchPreviousNextHomeProductsAntigenProductsforVaccineDevelopmentViralAntigensLassaVirusRecombinantLASVCapsidProtein[His]RecombinantLASVCapsidProtein[His](VAng-Wyb3671)CATSizePriceQuantityVAng-Wyb3671100µg500µg1mgLassavirus(strainAV)Capsidprotein,recombinantprotein.DatasheetSpecificationsSourceE.coliTargetLassaVirusTypeViralAntigensApplicationsUsedforimmunoassay.FormulationPhosphatebufferedsalineand25mMarginine.Purity>95%purebySDS-PAGE.StorageStoreat4°Cshortterm,-20°Clongterm.AntigenInformationIntroductionLassavirus(LASV)isthecausativeagentofviralhemorrhagicfever-Lassahemorrhagicfever,belongingtoArenaviridae.Thehostsofthevirusarehumanandotherprimates,andthevirusesaremainlyprevalentinWestAfricancountries.ThesymptomsofLASVfeveraresimilartoflu,includingfever,sorethroat,headache,weakness,cough,andgastrointestinalreactions.Effectsonbleedingarechangesinvascularpermeability.Thetargetcellsinfectedwiththevirusaredendriticcellsandepithelialcells,allofwhichbelongtoantigenpresentingcells.LASVisasingle-strand,double-segmentRNAviruscontaininganenvelope.Theviralgenomeencodesfourviralproteins,includingzinc-bindingproteins,RNApolymerases,nuclearproteins,andviralglycoproteins.TheoperationofthevirusrequiresBiosafetyLevel4-equivalentcontainment.LASVisasingle-strand,double-segmentRNAviruscontaininganenvelope.AlternativeNamesLassavirus;LASV;Arenaviridae;ArenavirusRelatedProductRecombinantLASVNPProtein(aa51-569)[His]RecombinantLASVNPProtein(aa1-569)(GenbankAccessionNo.AAT49007)[His]RecombinantLASVGP2-HumanIgG1FcProtein(aa259-426)RecombinantLASVVLPProtein(LineageIII)RecombinantLASVEnvGPProtein(aa59-232)[His]RecombinantLASVNPProtein(aa1-569)[His/SUMO]RecombinantLASVNPProtein(aa1-569)[His]RecombinantLASVGPProtein(aa35-490)[His]RecombinantLASVNPProtein(aa1-570)RecombinantLASVRINGfingerproteinProtein(aa21-99)[H

Lassa virus is a linear, bisegmented, single-stranded RNA virus, which belong to the Arenaviridae family that causes viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by rats.Openaccesspeer-reviewedchapterAReemergingLassaVirus:AspectsofItsStructure,Replication,PathogenicityandDiagnosisByVictorB.OtiSubmitted:February9th2018Reviewed:May23rd2018Published:November5th2018DOI:10.5772/intechopen.79072Home>Books>CurrentTopicsinTropicalEmergingDiseasesandTravelMedicineAdvertisementDownloaded:1045AdvertisementAbstractLassavirusisalinear,bisegmented,single-strandedRNAvirus,whichbelongtotheArenaviridaefamilythatcausesviralhemorrhagicfevertransmittedbyrats.ThevirusisendemicinWestAfricancountries,whichmaybeduetoitszoonoticnature.LassavirusinfectionoccursthroughcontactwiththevectorMastomysnatalensisorinfectedhumansandcanleadtowidesymptomsfromamildinfectiontoLassafeverandtoaseverefatalviralhemorrhagicfever,whichincludedelayedcellularimmunityresultingtofulminantviremia.ThevirusreplicatesthroughastrategyknownastheAmbisense,wheretwoRNAstrandscodeforgenesinboththesenseandantisensedirectionthatisrapidanddemonstratetemporalcontrolinreplication.Differentdiagnostictestsforthevirusareavailable,whichrangefromviralculturetoserologicalandmoleculardiagnostictests.ThereisanurgentneedtodevelopdrugsandvaccinesagainstthevirusbecausetheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hasidentifiedLassavirusasoneofthevirusesthatislikelytocauseafutureepidemic,althougharesearchisongoingtoevaluateLassavirusvaccineimmunogenicityintheCBA/J-ML29mousemodel.Thischaptergivesanoverviewonthestructure,replicationcycle,pathogenesis,anddiagnosisofthevirus.KeywordsLassavirusLassafeverreplicationpathogenesisdiagnosischapterandauthorinfoAuthorVictorB.Oti*DepartmentofMicrobiology,NasarawaStateUniversity,Keffi,Nigeria*Addressallcorrespondenceto:[email protected]:10.5772/intechopen.79072FromtheEditedVolumeIntechOpenCurrentTopicsinTropicalEmergingDiseasesandTravelMedicineEditedbyAlfonsoJ.Rodriguez-MoralesCurrentTopicsinTropicalEmergingDiseasesandT

The Lassa virus particle is round, oval, or pleomorphic, 110 to 130 nm in diameter, and enveloped. Its genome consists of two single-stranded RNA segment – the large L segment and the small S segment.SkiptomaincontentCloseSearchMenuLASSAEBOLALassaLassafever(Lassa)isanacuteviralhemorrhagicfeverendemictoWestAfrica.Sinceitsdiscoveryin1969inthevillageofLassainBornoState,Nigeria,therehavebeencountlessoutbreaksofvariousmagnitudeandseverityacrossWestAfrica.Itisestimatedthatmanythousandsofpeopleareinfectedwiththevirusannually,withthousandsofdeaths.Casefatalityratesininfectedpatientscanreachmorethan80%.Thesenumbers,however,areonlyestimates,andinrealitylittleisknownaboutthetruemorbidityandmortalityfromthisdisease.GeographicalDistributionLassaisendemictoWestAfrica.ConfirmedincidenceshavebeenrecordedinSierraLeone,Liberia,Guinea,Nigeria,IvoryCoast,Togo,andMali.However,concernsexistthattheremaybeLassa(andLassa-like)virusesinothercountriessuchasCentralAfricanRepublic,BurkinaFaso,Ghana,Benin,andCameroon–someofwhichhavehadsporadiccases.Furthermore,MastomysrodentsaredistributedacrosstheAfricancontinent,indicatingastrongpossibilityforthespreadofthediseases,includingLassa,thattheycarry.InfectionswithLassavirusHumanscontractthevirusprimarilythroughcontactwiththecontaminatedexcretaofMastomysnatalensisrodents(commonlyknownastheMultimammaterat),whichisthenaturalreservoirforthevirus.Littleisknownregardingthetransmissionofthevirusfromtherodentreservoirtothehumanhost,althoughthereiscompellingevidencethatArenavirusesarestableandinfectiousbytheaerosolrouteinnonhumanprimates.Therodentsliveinhouseswithhumansanddepositexcretaonfloors,tables,bedsandfood.Consequentlythevirusistransmittedtohumansthroughcutsandscratches,orinhaledviadustparticlesintheair.InsomeregionsMastomysrodentsarealsoconsumedasfood.Secondaryhuman-to-humantransmissionscanalsooccur,althoughsuchscenariosaremuchrarerthanrodent-causedinfections.Historically,small-scaleoutbreakscausedbyhuman-to-humantransmissionshavetakenplace,butmostly

The nucleoprotein of Lassa virus, strain Josiah, was expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminally truncated, histidine-tagged recombinant protein. Following ...Clipboard,SearchHistory,andseveralotheradvancedfeaturesaretemporarilyunavailable.SkiptomainpagecontentCOVID-19isanemerging,rapidlyevolvingsituation.Publichealthinformation(CDC)Researchinformation(NIH)SARS-CoV-2data(NCBI)Preventionandtreatmentinformation(HHS) AccesskeysNCBIHomepageMyNCBIHomepageMainContentMainNavigationSearch:SearchAdvancedClipboardUserGuideSaveEmailSendtoClipboardMyBibliographyCollectionsCitationmanagerDisplayoptionsDisplayoptionsFormatAbstractPubMedPMIDSavecitationtofileFormat:Summary(text)PubMedPMIDAbstract(text)CSVCreatefileCancelEmailcitationSubject:1selecteditem:9774554-PubMedTo:Format:SummarySummary(text)AbstractAbstract(text)MeSHandotherdataSendemailCancelAddtoCollectionsCreateanewcollectionAddtoanexistingcollectionNameyourcollection:Namemustbelessthan100charactersChooseacollection:UnabletoloadyourcollectionduetoanerrorPleasetryagainAddCancelAddtoMyBibliographyMyBibliographyUnabletoloadyourdelegatesduetoanerrorPleasetryagainAddCancelYoursavedsearchNameofsavedsearch:Searchterms:TestsearchtermsWouldyoulikeemailupdatesofnewsearchresults?SavedSearchAlertRadioButtonsYesNoEmail:(change)Frequency:MonthlyWeeklyDailyWhichday?ThefirstSundayThefirstMondayThefirstTuesdayThefirstWednesdayThefirstThursdayThefirstFridayThefirstSaturdayThefirstdayThefirstweekdayWhichday?SundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdayReportformat:SummarySummary(text)AbstractAbstract(text)PubMedSendatmost:1item5items10items20items50items100items200itemsSendevenwhentherearen'tanynewresultsOptionaltextinemail:SaveCancelCreateafileforexternalcitationmanagementsoftwareCreatefileCancelYourRSSFeedNameofRSSFeed:Numberofitemsdisplayed:510152050100CreateRSSCancelRSSLinkCopyFulltextlinksHighWireFreePMCarticleFulltextlinksActionsCiteFavoritesDisplayoptionsDisplayoptionsFormatAbstractPubMedPMIDSharePermalinkCopyPagenavigatio

Lassa virus (LV) is a negative-strand RNA virus and belongs to the family ... not upon the coexpression of the assembly-deficient MLV-G2A capsid mutant (Fig.SkiptomaincontentVirus-CellInteractionsCharacterizationofLassaVirusCellEntryandNeutralizationwithLassaVirusPseudoparticlesFrançois-LoicCosset,PhilippeMarianneau,GeraldineVerney,FabriceGallais,NoelTordo,Eve-IsabellePécheur,JanterMeulen,VincentDeubel,BirkeBartoschFrançois-LoicCosset1UniversitédeLyon,UCB-Lyon1,IFR128,INSERM,U758,andEcoleNormaleSupérieuredeLyon,LyonF-69007,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteForcorrespondence:[email protected]édeBiologiedesInfectionsViralesEmergentes,InstitutPasteur,IFR128BioSciencesGerland,LyonSud,Lyon,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteGeraldineVerney1UniversitédeLyon,UCB-Lyon1,IFR128,INSERM,U758,andEcoleNormaleSupérieuredeLyon,LyonF-69007,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteFabriceGallais2UnitédeBiologiedesInfectionsViralesEmergentes,InstitutPasteur,IFR128BioSciencesGerland,LyonSud,Lyon,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteNoelTordo2UnitédeBiologiedesInfectionsViralesEmergentes,InstitutPasteur,IFR128BioSciencesGerland,LyonSud,Lyon,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteEve-IsabellePécheur3InstitutdeBiologieetChimiedesProtéines,CNRS,UMR5086,UniversitéLyon1,IFR128BioSciencesGerland,LyonSud,Lyon,FranceFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteJanterMeulen4InstituteofVirology,PhilippsUniversity,Marburg,GermanyFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteVincentDeubel2UnitédeBiologiedesInfectionsViralesEmergentes,InstitutPasteur,IFR128BioSciencesGerland,LyonSud,Lyon,France5InstitutPasteurofShanghai,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai,ChinaFindthis

Serves as template for viral transcription and replication. ... helical viral capsid Source: UniProtKB-UniRule; host cell cytoplasm Source: UniProtKB-SubCell; viral ...

Anevidencedescribesthesourceofanannotation,e.g.anexperimentthathasbeenpublishedinthescientificliterature,anorthologousprotein,arecordfromanotherdatabase,etc.

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SkipHeader   UniProtKBxUniProtKBProteinknowledgebaseUniParcSequencearchiveHelpHelppages,FAQs,UniProtKBmanual,documents,newsarchiveandBiocurationprojects.UniRefSequenceclustersProteomesProteinsetsfromfullysequencedgenomesAnnotationsystemsSystemsusedtoautomaticallyannotateproteinswithhighaccuracy:UniRule(Expertlycuratedrules)ARBA(Systemgeneratedrules)SupportingdataSelectoneoftheoptionsbelowtotargetyoursearch:LiteraturecitationsTaxonomyKeywordsSubcellularlocationsCross-referenceddatabasesHumandiseasesAdvancedSearchxHomeBLASTAlignRetrieve/IDmappingPeptidesearchSPARQLContactHelpYouareusingaversionofbrowserthatmaynotdisplayallthefeaturesofthiswebsite.Pleaseconsiderupgradingyourbrowser.UniProtKB-P04935(NCAP_LASSG)Basket0(max400entries)xYourbasketiscurrentlyempty.i

WhenbrowsingthroughdifferentUniProtproteins,youcanusethe'basket'tosavethem,sothatyoucanbacktofindoranalysethemlater.

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Selectitem(s)andclickon"Addtobasket"tocreateyourowncollectionhere(400entriesmax)UniProtKB(0)UniRef(0)UniParc(0)AlignBLASTMapIdsDownloadFullViewRemoveClearDisplayHelpvideoEntryPublicationsFeatureviewerFeaturetableAllNoneFunctionNames&TaxonomySubcellularlocationSubcell.locationPathology&BiotechPathol./BiotechPTM/ProcessingExpressionInteractionStructureFamily&DomainsSequenceSimilarproteinsCross-referencesEntryinformationMiscellaneousTopBLAST>sp|P04935|NCAP_LASSGNucleoproteinOS=Lassavirus(strainGA391)OX=11621GN=NPE=3SV=1MSASKEVRSCLWTQSLRRELSGYCSNIKLQVVKDAQALLHGLDFSEVSNVQRLMRKQKRDDGDLKRLRDLNQAVNNLVELKSTQQKSVLRVGTLSSDDLLILAADLEKLKSKVTRTERPLSSGVYMGNLSSQQLDQRRALLNMIGMTGVSGGGKGASNGIVR

The coding region of the gene for the nucleocapsid protein of Lassa virus has been inserted into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis ...Clipboard,SearchHistory,andseveralotheradvancedfeaturesaretemporarilyunavailable.SkiptomainpagecontentCOVID-19isanemerging,rapidlyevolvingsituation.Publichealthinformation(CDC)Researchinformation(NIH)SARS-CoV-2data(NCBI)Preventionandtreatmentinformation(HHS) AccesskeysNCBIHomepageMyNCBIHomepageMainContentMainNavigationSearch:SearchAdvancedClipboardUserGuideSaveEmailSendtoClipboardMyBibliographyCollectionsCitationmanagerDisplayoptionsDisplayoptionsFormatAbstractPubMedPMIDSavecitationtofileFormat:Summary(text)PubMedPMIDAbstract(text)CSVCreatefileCancelEmailcitationSubject:1selecteditem:2406367-PubMedTo:Format:SummarySummary(text)AbstractAbstract(text)MeSHandotherdataSendemailCancelAddtoCollectionsCreateanewcollectionAddtoanexistingcollectionNameyourcollection:Namemustbelessthan100charactersChooseacollection:UnabletoloadyourcollectionduetoanerrorPleasetryagainAddCancelAddtoMyBibliographyMyBibliographyUnabletoloadyourdelegatesduetoanerrorPleasetryagainAddCancelYoursavedsearchNameofsavedsearch:Searchterms:TestsearchtermsWouldyoulikeemailupdatesofnewsearchresults?SavedSearchAlertRadioButtonsYesNoEmail:(change)Frequency:MonthlyWeeklyDailyWhichday?ThefirstSundayThefirstMondayThefirstTuesdayThefirstWednesdayThefirstThursdayThefirstFridayThefirstSaturdayThefirstdayThefirstweekdayWhichday?SundayMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdayReportformat:SummarySummary(text)AbstractAbstract(text)PubMedSendatmost:1item5items10items20items50items100items200itemsSendevenwhentherearen'tanynewresultsOptionaltextinemail:SaveCancelCreateafileforexternalcitationmanagementsoftwareCreatefileCancelYourRSSFeedNameofRSSFeed:Numberofitemsdisplayed:510152050100CreateRSSCancelRSSLinkCopyFulltextlinksIngentaplcFulltextlinksActionsCiteFavoritesDisplayoptionsDisplayoptionsFormatAbstractPubMedPMIDSharePermalinkCopyPagenavigationTitle&authorsAbst

Introduction. Lassa virus, which is a member of the Arenaviridae virus family, causes acute viral hemorrhagic fever. It was first reported in 1969 in the town of Lassa ...LassaCapsidHomeViralAntigensLassaLassaCapsidChooseProductCategoryCytokinesGrowthFactorsChemokinesCDAntigensNeurotrophinsHormonesEnzymesViralAntigensRecombinantProteinsNaturalProteinsMonoclonalAntibodiesPolyclonalAntibodiesNameDescriptionCat#PricingsQuantityLassaCapsidLassaCapsidRecombinantLSV-001100µg($150)500µg($600)1mg($1200)ShippedwithIcePacksAddtoCartBacktoTopCataloguenumberLSV-001IntroductionLassavirus,whichisamemberoftheArenaviridaevirusfamily,causesacuteviralhemorrhagicfever.Itwasfirstreportedin1969inthetownofLassa,inBornoState,Nigeria.NatalmultimammatemouseistheprimaryreservoirofLassavirus,foundinsub-SaharanAfrica.Thevirusistransmittedbycontactwiththefecesorurineofanimals,contributingtoitshighrateofincidence.LassafeveroccursgenerallyinWestAfrica.Lassafeverresultsin300,000to500,000casesannuallyandcausesabout5,000deathseachyear.OutbreaksofthisdiseasehavebeenobservedinNigeria,Liberia,SierraLeone,Guinea,andtheCentralAfricanRepublic.Proteinstructure:Lassavirusgenomeiscomprisedoftwosingle-strandedRNAmoleculesdefinedassmall(S)andlarge(L).TwogenesontheSsegmentencodethenucleoprotein(NP)andtwoenvelopeglycoproteins(GP1andGP2);while,theLsegmentencodestheviralpolymerase(Lprotein)andRINGfingerZmatrixprotein.GP1subunitservesaputativeroleinreceptorbinding,whilethestructureofGP2subunitisconsistentwithviraltransmembranefusionproteins.NPisavirionproteinwhichbindsandprotectstheviralRNA.DescriptionTheE.ColiderivedRecombinantLassaNucleoprotein(LASVstrainAV,GenBankaccessionnumberAAG41803)containing420aminoacidsofLassavirusnucleoprotein. TheLassaCapsidproteinisfusedtoa6xHistagatC-terminusandpurifiedbyproprietarychromatographictechnique.SourceEscherichiaColi.PhysicalAppearanceSterileFilteredsolution.FormulationLassaCapsidproteinsolutioncontains 25mMTrisBase/10mMK2CO3.StabilityLassaCapsidproteinalthoughstableat4°Cfo

Abstract · Lassa fever virus (LASV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever and is highly endemic in Western Africa, causing 300,000–500,000 ...SkiptomaincontentPNASFebruary8,2011108(6)2396-2401;https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016404108KathrynM.HastieFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteChristopherR.KimberlinFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteMichelleA.ZandonattiFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteIanJ.MacRaeFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteEricaOllmannSaphireFindthisauthoronGoogleScholarFindthisauthoronPubMedSearchforthisauthoronthissiteForcorrespondence:[email protected],NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,andapprovedDecember21,2010(receivedforreviewNovember2,2010)ArticleFigures&SIInfo&MetricsPDFAbstractLassafevervirus,amemberofthefamilyArenaviridae,isahighlyendemiccategoryApathogenthatcauses300,000–500,000infectionsperyearinWesternAfrica.ThearenaviralnucleoproteinNPhasbeenimplicatedinsuppressionofthehostinnateimmunesystem,butthemechanismbywhichthisoccurshasremainedelusive.Herewepresentthecrystalstructureat1.5ÅoftheimmunosuppressiveC-terminalportionofLassavirusNPandillustratethat,unexpectedly,its3DfoldcloselymimicsthatoftheDEDDhfamilyofexonucleases.AccompanyingbiochemicalexperimentsillustratethatNPindeedhasapreviouslyunknown,bonafideexonucleaseactivity,withstrictspecificityfordouble-strandedRNAsubstrates.WefurtherdemonstratethatthisexonucleaseactivityisessentialfortheabilityofNPtosuppresstranslocationofIFNregulatoryfactor3andblockactivationoftheinnateimmunesystem.Thus,thenucleoproteinisaviralexonucleasewithanti-immuneactivity,andthisworkprovidesauniqueopportunitytocombatarenaviralinfections.immunologystructuralbiologyvirologyarenavirusLassafevervirus(LASV)causesseverehemorrhagicfeverandishighlyendemicinWesternAfrica,causing300,000–500,000infectionsperyear(1).Initsmostsevereform,L

NCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutJournalListApplEnvironMicrobiolv.69(1);2003JanPMC152381ApplEnvironMicrobiol.2003Jan;69(1):350–357.doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.1.350-357.2003PMCID:PMC152381PMID:12514015CapsidFunctionsofInactivatedHumanPicornavirusesandFelineCalicivirusSuphachaiNuanualsuwanandDeanO.Cliver*SuphachaiNuanualsuwanDepartmentofPopulationHealthandReproduction,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California95616-8743FindarticlesbySuphachaiNuanualsuwanDeanO.CliverDepartmentofPopulationHealthandReproduction,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California95616-8743FindarticlesbyDeanO.CliverAuthorinformationArticlenotesCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimerDepartmentofPopulationHealthandReproduction,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California95616-8743*Correspondingauthor.Mailingaddress:DepartmentofPopulationHealthandReproduction,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California95616-8743.Phone:(530)754-9120.Fax:(530)752-5845.E-mail:[email protected];Accepted2002Oct10.Copyright©2003,AmericanSocietyforMicrobiologyThisarticlehasbeencitedbyotherarticlesinPMC.Theexceptionalstabilityofentericvirusesprobablyresidesintheircapsids.Thecapsidfunctionsofinactivatedhumanpicornavirusesandfelinecalicivirus(FCV)weredetermined.ViruseswereinactivatedbyUV,hypochlorite,hightemperature(72°C),andphysiologicaltemperature(37°C),allofwhicharepertinenttotransmissionviafoodandwater.Poliovirus(PV)andhepatitisAvirus(HAV)aretransmissibleviawaterandfood,andFCVisthebestavailablesurrogatefortheNorwalk-likeviruses,whichareleadingcausesoffood-borneandwaterbornediseaseintheUnitedStates.Thecapsidsofall37°C-inactivatedvirusesstillprotectedtheviralRNAagainstRNase,eveninthepresenceofproteinaseK,whichcontrastedwithfindingswithvirusesinactivatedat72°C.Thelossofabilityofthevirustoattachtohomologouscellreceptorswasuniversal,regardlessofvirustypeandinact