Introduction. Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent episodes of hypersomnia and to various degrees, behavioral or cognitive ...NCBISkiptomaincontentSkiptonavigationResourcesHowToAboutNCBIAccesskeysMyNCBISignintoNCBISignOutJournalListAnnIndianAcadNeurolv.13(4);Oct-Dec2010PMC3021925AnnIndianAcadNeurol.2010Oct-Dec;13(4):241–246.doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.74185PMCID:PMC3021925PMID:21264130Kleine–Levinsyndrome:Etiology,diagnosis,andtreatmentSantoshRamdurgSantoshRamdurgDepartmentofPsychiatry,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,AnsariNagar,NewDelhi110029,IndiaFindarticlesbySantoshRamdurgAuthorinformationArticlenotesCopyrightandLicenseinformationDisclaimerDepartmentofPsychiatry,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,AnsariNagar,NewDelhi110029,IndiaForcorrespondence:Dr.SantoshRamdurg,DepartmentofPsychiatry,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,AnsariNagar,NewDelhi110029,India.E-mail:moc.liamg@grudmarhsotnasReceived2010Jun27;Revised2010Jul25;Accepted2010Aug9.Copyright©AnnalsofIndianAcademyofNeurologyThisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.ThisarticlehasbeencitedbyotherarticlesinPMC.Kleine–Levinsyndrome(KLS)isararesleepdisordermainlyaffectingteenageboysinwhichthemainfeaturesareintermittenthypersomnolence,behavioralandcognitivedisturbances,hyperphagia,andinsomecaseshypersexuality.Eachepisodeisofbriefdurationvaryingfromaweekto1–2monthsandaffectedpeopleareentirelyasymptomaticbetweenepisodes.Nodefinitecausehasbeenidentified,andnoeffectivetreatmentsareavailableeventhoughillnessishavingwell-definedclinicalfeatures.Multiplerelapsesoccureveryfewweeksormonths,andtheconditionmaylastforadecadeormorebeforespontaneousresolution.Inthisstudy,PubMedwassearchedandappropriatearticleswerereviewedtohighlightetiology,clinicalfeatures,andmanagementofKLS.Onthebasisofthisknowledge,practicalinformationisofferedtohelpclinician

Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) is a rare and complex neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive amounts of sleep, altered behavior, ...FacebookTwitterGoogleWhatisKLS?DefiningKLSKleine-LevinSyndrome(KLS)isarareandcomplexneurologicaldisordercharacterizedbyrecurringperiodsofexcessiveamountsofsleep,alteredbehavior,andareducedunderstandingoftheworld.Thedisorderstrikesadolescentsprimarilybutcanoccurinyoungerchildrenandadults.Attheonsetofanepisodethepatientbecomesprogressivelydrowsyandsleepsformostofthedayandnight(hypersomnolence),sometimeswakingonlytoeatorgotothebathroom.Eachepisodelastsdays,weeksormonthsduringwhichtimeallnormaldailyactivitiesstop.Individualsarenotabletocareforthemselvesorattendschoolandwork.Inbetweenepisodes,thosewithKLSappeartobeinperfecthealthwithnoevidenceofbehavioralorphysicaldysfunction.KLSepisodesmaycontinuefor10yearsormore.KLSissometimesreferredtointhemediaas“SleepingBeauty”syndrome.IdentifyingKLSInadditiontoexcessivesleep,aKleine-LevinSyndrome(KLS) patient’swholedemeanorischanged,oftenappearing“spacey”orchildlike.Whenawakethepatient experiencesconfusion,disorientation,completelackofenergy(lethargy),andlackofemotions(apathy).Mostpatientsreportthateverythingseemsoutoffocus,andthattheyarehypersensitivetonoiseandlight.Insomecases,foodcravings(compulsivehyperphagia)areexhibited.Instancesofuninhibitedhyper-sexualityduringanepisodehavealsobeenreported.Kleine-LevinSyndrome(KLS)episodesarecyclical.Whenpresent,KLSsymptomspersistfordays,weeksorevenmonths,duringwhichtimeallnormaldailyactivitiesstop.Individualsarenotabletoattendschool,workorcareforthemselves.Mostarebedridden,tiredanduncommunicativeevenwhenawake.NoteveryoneaffectedbyKLSexhibitsallofthesymptomsdescribedabove.Affectedindividualsmaygoforaperiodofweeks,monthsorevenyearswithoutexperiencinganysymptoms,andthensymptoms reappearwithlittlewarning.Inbetweenepisodes,thosediagnosedwithKLSappeartobeinperfecthealthwithnoevidenceofbehavioralorphysicaldysfunction.Howevertheyfunctiondail

Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare neurological disorder of unknown origin characterised by relapsing-remitting episodes of hypersomnia in association with ...xShareShareRarediseasesSearchClinicalSignsandSymptomsClassificationsGenesDisabilityEncyclopaediaforpatientsEncyclopaediaforprofessionalsEmergencyguidelinesSources/proceduresHomepageRarediseasesSearchSearchforararedisease*(*)mandatoryfieldSearchDiseasenameORPHAcodeOMIMICD-10GenenameorsymbolOthersearchoption(s)AlphabeticallistSuggestanupdate(*)Requiredfields.Youare(*)Choose:HealthprofessionalPatient/Family/AssociationBiopharmaceuticalindustryScientistStudentOtherIfyouhaveselectedthe“Other”category,pleasespecifywhichtypeofuseryouare:*Emailaddress:*Topicofyourcomment*EpidemiologydataSummaryandrelatedtextsRelatedgenesClinicalsignsNomenclatureand/orcodingYourmessage*(3000charactersremaining)AttentionOnlycommentsseekingtoimprovethequalityandaccuracyofinformationontheOrphanetwebsiteareaccepted.Forallothercomments,pleasesendyourremarksviacontactus.OnlycommentswritteninEnglishcanbeprocessed.CheckthisboxifyouwishtoreceiveacopyofyourmessagePleasereproducethetextbelow:*Kleine-LevinsyndromeDiseasedefinitionKleine-Levinsyndrome(KLS)isarareneurologicaldisorderofunknownorigincharacterisedbyrelapsing-remittingepisodesofhypersomniainassociationwithcognitiveandbehaviouraldisturbances.ORPHA:33543Classificationlevel:DisorderSynonym(s):-Prevalence:1-9/1000000Inheritance:-Ageofonset:Adolescent,Childhood,AdultICD-10:G47.8OMIM:148840UMLS:C0206085MeSH:D017593GARD:3117MedDRA:10053712SummaryEpidemiologyItaffectsaround1/500000individuals.Patientsaremostlymale(68-78%ofcases)andadolescents(81%ofpatients),withameanageofonsetof15years(range4-82years).ClinicaldescriptionThefirstepisodeistriggeredbyaninfectionin72%ofpatients.Patientsexperience7-19neurologicalepisodeswithadurationof10-13days/episodeandrelapsesevery3.5months.Onethirdofpatientshaveepisodeslastinglongerthanonemonth.Episodesrecurmorequicklyinpatientswithchildhoodonset.Duringepisod

Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia and cognitive or mood changes. Many patients also ...Kleine–LevinsyndromeFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumptonavigationJumptosearchKleine–LevinsyndromeOthernamesFamilialhibernationsyndrome[1]SpecialtyNeurology Kleine–Levinsyndrome(KLS)isararedisordercharacterizedbypersistentepisodichypersomniaandcognitiveormoodchanges.Manypatientsalsoexperiencehyperphagia,hypersexualityandothersymptoms.Patientsgenerallyexperiencerecurrentepisodesoftheconditionformorethanadecadeandmayreturnatalaterage.Individualepisodesgenerallylastmorethanaweek,sometimeslastingformonths.Theconditiongreatlyaffectsthepersonal,professional,andsociallivesofsufferers.Theseverityofsymptomsandthecourseofthesyndromevarybetweensufferers.Patientscommonlyhaveabout20episodesoveraboutadecade.Severalmonthsgenerallyelapsebetweenepisodes.Theonsetoftheconditionusuallyfollowsaviralinfection;severaldifferentviruseshavebeenobservedtotriggerKLS.Itisgenerallyonlydiagnosedaftersimilarconditionshavebeenexcluded;MRI,CTscans,lumbarpuncture,andtoxicologytestsareusedtoruleoutotherpossibilities.Thesyndrome'smechanismisnotknown,butthethalamusisthoughttopossiblyplayarole.SPECThasshownthalamichypoperfusionofpatientsduringepisodes.KLSisveryrare,occurringatarateof1in1million,whichlimitsresearchintogeneticfactors.Theconditionprimarilyaffectsadolescentmales,thoughfemalescanalsobeaffectedandtheageofonsetvaries.Thereisnoknowncure,andthereislittleevidencesupportingdrugtreatment.Lithiumhasbeenreportedtohavelimitedeffectsincasereports,decreasingthelengthofepisodesanddurationbetweentheminsomepatients.[2]Stimulantshavebeenshowntopromotewakefulnessduringepisodes,buttheydonotcounteractcognitivesymptomsordecreasethedurationofepisodes.TheconditionisnamedafterWilliKleineandMaxLevin,[3]whodescribedcasesofthediseaseintheearly20thcentury.ItwasaddedtotheInternationalClassificationofSleepDisordersin1990.Contents1Symptoms2Cause3Diagnosis4Prevention5Treatm

SkiptomaincontentSubmitSearchCOVID-19Getthelatestfunding,research,andpublichealthinformationfromNINDSGetthelatestresearchinformationfromNIH|EspañolGetthelatestpublichealthinformationfromHHSGetthelatestpublichealthinformationfromCDCYouarehereHome»Disorders»AllDisordersKleine-LevinSyndromeInformationPageKleine-LevinSyndromeInformationPageWhatresearchisbeingdone?NINDSsupportsabroadrangeofclinicalandbasicresearchondiseasescausingsleepdisordersinanefforttoclarifythemechanismsoftheseconditionsandtodevelopbettertreatmentsforthem.InformationfromtheNationalLibraryofMedicine’sMedlinePlusSleepDisorders×Whatresearchisbeingdone?NINDSsupportsabroadrangeofclinicalandbasicresearchondiseasescausingsleepdisordersinanefforttoclarifythemechanismsoftheseconditionsandtodevelopbettertreatmentsforthem.InformationfromtheNationalLibraryofMedicine’sMedlinePlusSleepDisordersSeeMoreAboutResearchNINDSsupportsabroadrangeofclinicalandbasicresearchondiseasescausingsleepdisordersinanefforttoclarifythemechanismsoftheseconditionsandtodevelopbettertreatmentsforthem.InformationfromtheNationalLibraryofMedicine’sMedlinePlusSleepDisordersShowMoreShowLessSearchDisordersSEARCHDefinitionTreatmentPrognosisClinicalTrialsOrganizationsPublicationsDefinitionKleine-Levinsyndromeisararedisorderthatprimarilyaffectsadolescentmales(approximately70percentofthosewithKleine-Levinsyndromearemale).Itischaracterizedbyrecurringbutreversibleperiodsofexcessivesleep(upto20hoursperday).Symptomsoccuras"episodes,"typicallylastingafewdaystoafewweeks.Episodeonsetisoftenabrupt,andmaybeassociatedwithflu-likesymptoms.Excessivefoodintake,irritability,childishness,disorientation,hallucinations,andanabnormallyuninhibitedsexdrivemaybeobservedduringepisodes.Moodcanbedepressedasaconsequence,butnotacause,ofthedisorder.Affectedindividualsarecompletelynormalbetweenepisodes,althoughtheymaynotbeabletorememberafterwardseverythingthathappenedduringtheepisode.Itmaybeweeksormorebeforesymptomsreappear.Symptomsmayberelatedtomalfunctionofthehypothalamusa

Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare disorder that causes recurring periods of excessive sleepiness. In some cases, this means up to 20 hours a day are spent ...WhatIsKleine-LevinSyndrome(KLS)?MedicallyreviewedbyRickyChen,M.D.—WrittenbyValenciaHiguera—UpdatedonNovember14,2018SymptomsCausesandriskfactorsDiagnosisManagementCopingOutlookKLSisalsoknownas“sleepingbeautysyndrome”Kleine-Levinsyndrome(KLS)isararedisorderthatcausesrecurringperiodsofexcessivesleepiness.Insomecases,thismeansupto20hoursadayarespentsleeping.Forthisreason,theconditioniscommonlyreferredtoas“sleepingbeautysyndrome.”KLScanalsoproducechangesinbehaviorandconfusion.Thisdisordercanaffectanyone,butteenageboysdeveloptheconditionmorethananyothergroup.About70percentofpeoplewiththisdisorderaremale.Episodescancomeandgooveranextendedperiodoftime.Sometimesthey’reonandoffforaslongas10years.Duringeachepisode,itcanbedifficulttoattendschool,work,orparticipateinotheractivities.Whatarethesymptoms?PeoplelivingwithKLSmaynotexperiencesymptomseveryday.Infact,affectedindividualstypicallydon’thaveanysymptomsbetweenepisodes.Whensymptomsdoappear,theycanlastafewdays,weeks,orevenmonths.Commonsymptomsincludeextremesleepiness.Theremaybeastrongdesiretogotobedandtroublegettingupinthemorning.Duringanepisode,it’snotuncommontosleepupto20hoursaday.PeoplelivingwithKLSmaygetuptousethebathroomandeat,thengobacktosleep.FatiguecanbesoseverethatpeoplewithKLSarebedriddenuntilanepisodepasses.Thistakestimeandenergyawayfromfamily,friends,andpersonalobligations.Episodescanalsotriggerothersymptoms,suchas:hallucinationsdisorientationirritabilitychildishbehaviorincreasedappetiteexcessivesexdriveThismayresultfromreducedbloodflowtopartsofthebrainduringanepisode.KLSisanunpredictablecondition.Episodescanrecursuddenlyandwithoutwarningweeks,months,oryearslater.Mostpeopleresumenormalactivityafteranepisodewithoutanybehavioralorphysicaldysfunction.However,theymayhavelittlememoryofwhathappenedduringtheirepisode.WhatcausesKLSandwho’satrisk?TheexactcauseofKLSi

Nicole Delien (born November 6, 1995) is an American woman known for bringing awareness in the media to Kleine–Levin syndrome, a rare sleeping disorder ...NicoleDelienFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumptonavigationJumptosearchNicoleDelienBornNicoleGarrett(1995-11-06)November6,1995(age 25)NewCastle,PennsylvaniaNationalityAmericanOther names"ThereallifeSleepingBeauty"Known forAdvocacyofKleine–LevinsyndromeNicoleDelien(bornNovember6,1995)isanAmericanwomanknownforbringingawarenessinthemediatoKleine–Levinsyndrome,araresleepingdisorderthataffectsabout1,000peoplearoundtheworld.[1]DelienisaUnitedStatesPennsylvaniaresidentthatwasdiagnosedwithKleine–LevinSyndrome(KLS)whenshewassix-and-a-halfyearsold.AdoctoratAlleghenyGeneralHospitalwastheonewhowasfinallyabletoidentifyNicole’ssymptoms.[2]In2012,at17yearsold,DelienstartedtobringawarenesstoKLSbyappearinginanumberofmediaeventstoprovideareal-lifeexampleofthesyndrome.[3]ThesyndromecausesDelientosleepfor18–19hoursadayonaverageandtosleepforlongerstretchesoftimeaswell,includinga64-dayblockoftimein2012.[4]Thedisorderischaracterizedbyepisodicperiodsofhypersomniaandlethargy.Theseepisodescanlastanywherefromdaystoweeksandcanlastinthepatientfromeighttotwelveyearsbeforedisappearingaltogether.Delien'sparentsandsiblingsdonotsufferfromthedisorder.[citationneeded]KLShascausedDelientomissmanyfamilyholidaysandcelebrations,includingThanksgivingandChristmas.[5]AfterwinningticketstoaKatyPerryconcert,Delienwasunabletoattendbecauseofanepisode.UponhearingaboutDelien,PerryarrangedforameetingbackstageafteraperformanceatasubsequentshowinnearbyConnecticut.[6]DelienhasappearedonCBSnews,[7]TheTODAYShow,[8]theJeffProbstShow,[9]ABCPrimetimeMedicalMysteries,[10]WPXINews,[11]WTAENews,[12]andothermediaoutlets.References[edit]^Sullivan,Lena(2012-11-20)."Klein-Levinsyndrome:PennsylvaniateenNicoleDeliensleptfor64dayswithraresleepingbeautycondition".GADailyNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-12-29.Retrieved2014-01-17.^Bagwell,Candace."TeenDiagnosedwith"SleepingBeauty

克萊恩-萊文症候群（英語：Kleine-Levin syndrome，簡稱為KLS），又名睡美人症候群（英語：Sleeping Beauty syndrome），係一種不常見的睡眠障礙，特徵是 ...克萊恩-萊文症候群語言監視編輯維基百科中的醫療相關內容僅供參考，詳見醫學聲明。

如需醫療服務或可靠意見，請諮詢專業人士。

克萊恩-萊文症候群（英語：Kleine-Levinsyndrome，簡稱為KLS），又名睡美人症候群（英語：SleepingBeautysyndrome），係一種不常見的睡眠障礙，特徵是持續的陣發過度嗜睡症及認知或情緒變化。

許多患者會有食量變大、性慾亢進，或是其他症狀；患者往往會反覆發作症狀長達十年以上，且日後可能會再發。

患者一次發病會持續一週以上，有時候會持續一個月以上，發病會影響到患者私生活、職業表現和社交生活。

個別患者的症狀嚴重程度和病程各有不同，患者往往會在十年內發作20次以上，每次發作可能會間隔好幾個月。

患者稱，他們對所有事失去注意力，對聲音和光非常敏感。

女性患者中有部分會產生抑鬱[1]Kleine–Levinsyndrome類型嗜睡症,遺傳性神經系統疾病[*]分類和外部資源醫學專科神經學ICD-10G47.8ICD-9-CM327.13OMIM148840DiseasesDB29520MeSHD017593Orphanet33543[編輯此條目的維基數據]症狀常在病毒感染後出現，有數種已知特定病毒會觸發此症候群。

診斷僅能透過排除其他相似的疾病來確知，可以用核磁共振成像、電腦斷層掃描、腰椎穿刺、毒理試驗（英語：toxicologytests）幫助排除其他病症的可能性。

目前其病理機制目前尚不明朗，但據信很有可能跟視丘有關係，單光子電腦斷層掃描(英語：singlephotonemissioncomputedtomography，簡稱為SPECT)顯示患者在發病期間有視丘供血不足（英語：thalamichypoperfusion）的狀況。

克萊恩-萊文症候群非常罕見，一百萬人裡大約只會有一人，導致研究只能歸納出先天上的因素。

主要患病的是青春期的男性，女性也可能患病但患病年紀各有不同。

目前尚無已知療法，也缺少藥物治療的證據。

病例報告指出，有些患者服用鋰後，發病降低、縮短發病長度及發病的間距時間，研究指出，興奮劑可以用來弱化嗜睡症狀，但無助於認知症狀（英語：cognitivesymptoms）或縮短發病長度。

克萊恩-萊文症候群的命名來由是基於威利克萊恩（英語：WilliKleine）與馬克斯萊文（英語：MaxLevin），因為他們在20世紀初期做出此症的描述，而一直到1990年，國際睡眠疾患分類（英語：InternationalClassificationofSleepDisorders）才收錄了此症候群。

注釋編輯^LiskDR,.Kleine-LevinSyndrome.PubMed.2009,.9edition(online):42–5.PMID 19151238.doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.161950. 參考文獻編輯Arnulf,Isabelle;Rico,Thomas;Mignot,Emmanuel.Diagnosis,DiseaseCourse,andManagementofPatientswithKleine-LevinSyndrome.TheLancetNeurology.2012,11(10):918–28.PMID 22995695.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70187-4. Arnulf,Isabelle;Zeitzer,J.M.;Farber,N.;Mignot,Emmanuel.Kleine–LevinSyndrome:aSystematicReviewof186CasesintheLiterature.Brain.2005,128(12):2763–76.PMID 16230322.doi:10.1093/brain/awh620. Billiard,Michel;Jaussent,Isabelle;Dauvilliers,Yves;Besset,Alain.RecurrentHypersomnia:aReviewof339Cases.SleepMedicineReviews.2011,15(4):247–57.PMID 20970360.doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2010.08.001. Brown

克萊恩-萊文症候群（英語：Kleine-Levin syndrome，简称为KLS），又名睡美人症候群（英語：Sleeping Beauty syndrome），係一種不常見的睡眠障礙，特徵是 ...克萊恩-萊文症候群維基百科，自由的百科全書跳至導覽跳至搜尋維基百科中的醫療相關內容僅供參考，詳見醫學聲明。

如需醫療服務或可靠意見，請諮詢專業人士。

Kleine–Levinsyndrome類型嗜睡症,遺傳性神經系統疾病[*]分類和外部資源醫學專科神經學ICD-10G47.8ICD-9-CM327.13OMIM148840DiseasesDB29520MeSHD017593Orphanet33543[編輯此條目的維基數據]克萊恩-萊文症候群（英語：Kleine-Levinsyndrome，簡稱為KLS），又名睡美人症候群（英語：SleepingBeautysyndrome），係一種不常見的睡眠障礙，特徵是持續的陣發過度嗜睡症及認知或情緒變化。

許多患者會有食量變大、性慾亢進，或是其他症狀；患者往往會反覆發作症狀長達十年以上，且日後可能會再發。

患者一次發病會持續一週以上，有時候會持續一個月以上，發病會影響到患者私生活、職業表現和社交生活。

個別患者的症狀嚴重程度和病程各有不同，患者往往會在十年內發作20次以上，每次發作可能會間隔好幾個月。

患者稱，他們對所有事失去注意力，對聲音和光非常敏感。

女性患者中有部分會產生抑鬱[1]症狀常在病毒感染後出現，有數種已知特定病毒會觸發此症候群。

診斷僅能透過排除其他相似的疾病來確知，可以用核磁共振成像、電腦斷層掃描、腰椎穿刺、毒理試驗（英語：toxicologytests）幫助排除其他病症的可能性。

目前其病理機制目前尚不明朗，但據信很有可能跟丘腦有關係，單光子電腦斷層掃描(英語：singlephotonemissioncomputedtomography，簡稱為SPECT)顯示患者在發病期間有丘腦供血不足（英語：thalamichypoperfusion）的狀況。

克萊恩-萊文症候群非常罕見，一百萬人裡大約只會有一人，導致研究只能歸納出先天上的因素。

主要患病的是青春期的男性，女性也可能患病但患病年紀各有不同。

目前尚無已知療法，也缺少藥物治療的證據。

病例報告指出，有些患者服用鋰後，發病降低、縮短發病長度及發病的間距時間，研究指出，興奮劑可以用來弱化嗜睡症狀，但無助於認知症狀（英語：cognitivesymptoms）或縮短發病長度。

克萊恩-萊文症候群的命名來由是基於威利克萊恩（英語：WilliKleine）與馬克斯萊文（英語：MaxLevin），因為他們在20世紀初期做出此症的描述，而一直到1990年，國際睡眠疾患分類（英語：InternationalClassificationofSleepDisorders）才收錄了此症候群。

注釋[編輯]^LiskDR,.Kleine-LevinSyndrome.PubMed.2009,.9edition(online):42–5.PMID 19151238.doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.161950. 參考文獻[編輯]Arnulf,Isabelle;Rico,Thomas;Mignot,Emmanuel.Diagnosis,DiseaseCourse,andManagementofPatientswithKleine-LevinSyndrome.TheLancetNeurology.2012,11(10):918–28.PMID 22995695.doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70187-4. Arnulf,Isabelle;Zeitzer,J.M.;Farber,N.;Mignot,Emmanuel.Kleine–LevinSyndrome:aSystematicReviewof186CasesintheLiterature.Brain.2005,128(12):2763–76.PMID 16230322.doi:10.1093/brain/awh620. Billiard,Michel;Jaussent,Isabelle;Dauvilliers,Yves;Besset,Alain.RecurrentHypersomnia:aReviewof339Cases.SleepMedicineReviews.2011,15(4):247–57.PMID 20970360.doi:10.1016/j.smrv.